Pheochromocytoma, diagnosis and treatment: Review of the literature

Adas M, Koc B, Adas G, Yalcin O, Celik S, Kemik O. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: A case series and review of the literature. J Epidemiol Res 2, 49–55, 2016.10.5430/jer.v2n2p49Search in Google Scholar

Allolio B. Adrenal incidentalomas. In: Adrenal Disorders (Eds. Margioris AN, Chrousos GP), pp 249–261, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2001.10.1007/978-1-59259-101-5_18Search in Google Scholar

Amar L, Servais A, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Zinzindohoue F, Chatellier G, Plouin PF. Year of diagnosis, features at presentation, and risk of recurrence in patients with pheochromocytoma or secreting paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90, 2110–2116, 2005.10.1210/jc.2004-139815644401Search in Google Scholar

Amar L, Fassnacht M, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Januszewicz A, Prejbisz A, Timmers H, Plouin PF. Long-term postoperative follow-up in patients with apparently benign pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Horm Metab Res 44, 385–389, 2012.10.1055/s-0031-130133922351478Search in Google Scholar

American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). American Society of Clinical Oncology policy statement update: genetic testing for cancer susceptibility. J Clin Oncol 21, 2397–2406, 2003.10.1200/JCO.2003.03.18912692171Search in Google Scholar

Ayala-Ramirez M, Feng L, Johnson MM, Ejaz S, Habra MA, Rich T, Busaidy N, Cote GJ, Perrier N, Phan A, Patel S, Waguespack S, Jimenez C. Clinical risk factors for malignancy and overall survival in patients with pheochromocytomas and sympathetic paragangliomas: primary tumor size and primary tumor location as prognostic indicators. J Clinl Endocrinol Metab 96, 717–725, 2011.10.1210/jc.2010-194621190975Search in Google Scholar

Beierwaltes WH. Endocrine imaging: parathyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla, and other endocrine tumors. Part II. J Nucl Med 32, 1627–1639, 1991.Search in Google Scholar

Bessell-Browne R, O’Malley ME. CT of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: risk of adverse events with i.v. administration of nonionic contrast material. AJR Am J Roentgenol 188, 970–974, 2007.10.2214/AJR.06.082717377032Search in Google Scholar

Bittar DA. Unsuspected phaeochromocytoma. Can Anaesth Soc J 29, 183–184, 1982.10.1007/BF030080047066747Search in Google Scholar

Bittner JG 4th, Gershuni VM, Matthews BD, Moley JF, Brunt LM. Risk factors affecting operative approach, conversion, and morbidity for adrenalectomy: a single-institution series of 402 patients. Surg Endosc 27, 2342–2350, 2013.10.1007/s00464-013-2789-723404146Search in Google Scholar

Blake MA, Krishnamoorthy SK, Boland GW, Sweeney AT, Pitman MB, Harisinghani M, Mueller PR, Hahn PF. Low-density pheochromocytoma on CT: a mimicker of adrenal adenoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 181, 1663–1668, 2003.10.2214/ajr.181.6.181166314627592Search in Google Scholar

Bowerman RA, Silver TM, Jaffe MH, Stuck KJ, Hinerman DL. Sonography of adrenal pheochromocytomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 137, 1227–1231, 1981.10.2214/ajr.137.6.1227Search in Google Scholar

Brennan MF, Keiser HR. Persistent and recurrent pheochromocytoma: the role of surgery. World J Surg 6, 397–401, 1982.10.1007/BF01657665Search in Google Scholar

Brunaud L, Boutami M, Nguyen-Thi PL, Finnerty B, Germain A, Weryha G, Fahey TJ 3rd, Mirallie E, Bresler L, Zarnegar R. Both preoperative alpha and calcium channel blockade impact intraoperative hemodynamic stability similarly in the management of pheochromocytoma. Surgery 156, 1410–1418, 2014.10.1016/j.surg.2014.08.022Search in Google Scholar

Bruynzeel H, Feelders RA, Groenland TH, van den Meiracker AH, van Eijck CH, Lange JF, de Herder WW, Kazemier G. Risk factors for hemodynamic instability during surgery for pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95, 678–685, 2010.10.1210/jc.2009-1051Search in Google Scholar

Bryant J, Farmer J, Kessler LJ, Townsend RR, Nathanson KL. Pheochromocytoma: the expanding genetic differential diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 95, 1196–1204, 2003.10.1093/jnci/djg024Search in Google Scholar

Burnichon N, Abermil N, Buffet A, Favier J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP. The genetics of paragangliomas. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 129, 315–318, 2012.10.1016/j.anorl.2012.04.007Search in Google Scholar

Castinetti F, Qi XP, Walz MK, Maia AL, Sanso G, Peczkowska M, Hasse-Lazar K et al. Outcomes of adrenal-sparing surgery or total adrenalectomy in phaeochromocytoma associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: an international retrospective population-based study. Lancet Oncol 15, 648–655, 2014.10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70154-8Search in Google Scholar

Chai YJ, Kwon H, Yu HW, Kim SJ, Choi JY, Lee KE, Youn YK. Systematic review of surgical approaches for adrenal tumors: lateral transperitoneal versus posterior retroperitoneal and laparoscopic versus robotic adrenalectomy. Int J Endocrinol 2014 918346, 2014.10.1155/2014/918346428139825587275Search in Google Scholar

Chang A, Glazer HS, Lee JK, Ling D, Heiken JP. Adrenal gland: MR imaging. Radiology 163, 123–128, 1987.10.1148/radiology.163.1.38234233823423Search in Google Scholar

Cheah WK, Clark OH, Horn JK, Siperstein AE, Duh QY. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. World J Surgery 26, 1048–1051, 2002.10.1007/s00268-002-6669-x12045856Search in Google Scholar

Chen H, Sippel RS, O’Dorisio MS, Vinik AI, Lloyd RV, Pacak K; North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (NANETS). The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, and medullary thyroid cancer. Pancreas 39, 775–783, 2010.10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb4f0341900720664475Search in Google Scholar

Chen Y, Hodin RA, Pandolfi C, Ruan DT, McKenzie TJ. Hypoglycemia after resection of pheochromocytoma. Surgery 156, 1404–1409, 2014.10.1016/j.surg.2014.08.02025456920Search in Google Scholar

Conder G, Rendle J, Kidd S, Misraet RR. A-Z of abdominal radiology. Cambridge University Press, 2009.10.1017/CBO9780511575792Search in Google Scholar

De Toma G, Letizia C, Cavallaro G, Giacchino V, Mosiello G, Cavallaro A, Basile U [Malignant pheochromocytoma. Personal experience, review of the literature]. Ann Ital Chir 73, 413–419, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Dorland Newman WA. Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

Dunnick NR, Korobkin M. Imaging of adrenal incidentalomas: current status. AJR Am J Roentgenol 179, 559–568, 2002.10.2214/ajr.179.3.179055912185019Search in Google Scholar

Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS, Walther MM, Friberg P, Lenders JW, Keiser HR, Pacak K. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: how to distinguish true-from false-positive test results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88, 2656–2666, 2003.10.1210/jc.2002-03000512788870Search in Google Scholar

Eisenhofer G, Lenders JW, Pacak K. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Front Horm Res 31, 76–106, 2004.10.1159/00007465914674306Search in Google Scholar

Eisenhofer G, Lenders JW, Siegert G, Bornstein SR, Friberg P, Milosevic D, Mannelli M, Linehan WM, Adams K, Timmers HJ, Pacak K. Plasma methoxytyramine: a novel biomarker of metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in relation to established risk factors of tumour size, location and SDHB mutation status. Eur J Cancer 48, 1739–1749, 2012.10.1016/j.ejca.2011.07.016337262422036874Search in Google Scholar

Elder EE, Skog ALH, Hoog A, Hamberger B. The management of benign and malignant pheochromocytoma and abdominal paraganglioma. Eur J Surg Oncol 29, 278–283, 2003.10.1053/ejso.2002.141312657240Search in Google Scholar

Elder EE, Elder G, Larsson C. Pheochromocytoma and functional paraganglioma syndrome: no longer the 10% tumor. J Surg Oncol 89, 193–201, 2005.10.1002/jso.2017715719371Search in Google Scholar

Ellis RJ, Patel D, Prodanov T, Sadowski S, Nilubol N, Adams K, Steinberg SM, Pacak K, Kebebew E. Response after surgical resection of metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: can postoperative biochemical remission be predicted? J Am Coll Surg 217, 489–496, 2013.10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.04.027377094023891076Search in Google Scholar

Elsayes KM, Mukundan G, Narra VR, Lewis JS Jr, Shirkhoda A, Farooki A, Brown JJ. Adrenal masses: MR imaging features with pathologic correlation. Radiographics 24 (Suppl 1), S73–S86, 2004.10.1148/rg.24si045514Search in Google Scholar

Elsayes KM, Narra VR, Leyendecker JR, Francis IR, Lewis JS Jr, Brown JJ. MRI of adrenal and extraadrenal pheochromocytoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184, 860–867, 2005.10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840860Search in Google Scholar

Erlic Z, Neumann HP. Familial pheochromocytoma. Hormones (Athens) 8, 29–38, 2009.10.14310/horm.2002.1219Search in Google Scholar

Fishbein L, Merrill S, Fraker DL, Cohen DL, Nathanson KL. Inherited mutations in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: why all patients should be offered genetic testing. Ann Surg Oncol 20, 1444–1450, 2013.10.1245/s10434-013-2942-5Search in Google Scholar

Francis IR, Korobkin M. Pheochromocytoma. Radiol Clin North Am 34, 1101–1112, 1996.Search in Google Scholar

Galati SJ, Said M, Gospin R, Babic N, Brown K, Geer EB, Kostakoglu L, Krakoff LR, Leibowitz AB, Mehta L, Muller S, Owen RP, Pertsemlidis DS, Wilck E, Xiao GQ, Levine AC, Inabnet WB 3rd. The Mount Sinai clinical pathway for the management of pheochromocytoma. Endocr Pract 21, 368–382, 2015.10.4158/EP14036.RASearch in Google Scholar

Giannini AJB, Henry R, Goettsche, Roger L. Psychiatric, Psychogenic and Somatopsychic Disorders Handbook. M. Examination. Garden City, NY, 1978.Search in Google Scholar

Goffredo P, Sosa JA, Roman SA. Malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: a population level analysis of long-term survival over two decades. J Surg Oncol 107, 659–664, 2013.10.1002/jso.23297Search in Google Scholar

Goldman L, Schafer AI. Goldman’s Cecil Medicine E-Book, 24^th Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012. https://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/goldmans-cecil-medicine-e-book-9781437736083.htmlSearch in Google Scholar

Goldstein RE, O’Neill JA Jr, Holcomb GW 3rd, Morgan WM 3rd, Neblett WW 3rd, Oates JA, Brown N, Nadeau J, Smith B, Page DL, Abumrad NN, Scott HW Jr. Clinical experience over 48 years with pheochromocytoma. Ann Surg 229, 755–766, 1999.10.1097/00000658-199906000-00001Search in Google Scholar

Gonias S, Goldsby R, Matthay KK, Hawkins R, Price D, Huberty J, Damon L, Linker C, Sznewajs A, Shiboski S, Fitzgerald P. Phase II study of high-dose [131I] metaiodobenzylguanidine therapy for patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Clin Oncol 27, 4162–4168, 2009.10.1200/JCO.2008.21.3496Search in Google Scholar

Gutmann DH, Aylsworth A, Carey JC, Korf B, Marks J, Pyeritz RE, Rubenstein A, Viskochil D. The diagnostic evaluation and multidisciplinary management of neurofibromatosis 1 and neurofibromatosis 2. Jama 278, 51–57, 1997.10.1016/S0002-9394(14)70930-4Search in Google Scholar

Hack H. The perioperative management of children with phaeochromocytoma. Paediatr Anaesth 10, 463–476, 2000.10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00504.x11012949Search in Google Scholar

Harari A, Inabnet WB 3rd. Malignant pheochromocytoma: a review. Am J Surg 201, 700–708, 2011.10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.04.01220870212Search in Google Scholar

Havekes B, Lai EW, Corssmit EP, Romijn JA, Timmers HJ, Pacak K. Detection and treatment of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: current standing of MIBG scintigraphy and future role of PET imaging. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 52, 419–429, 2008.Search in Google Scholar

Havekes B, King K, Lai EW, Romijn JA, Corssmit EP, Pacak K. New imaging approaches to phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 72, 137–145, 2010.10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03648.x296697319508681Search in Google Scholar

Hirayama T, Fujita T, et al. Safety and feasibility of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma irrespective of tumor size. The Kitasato Medical Journal 45, 17–20, 2015.Search in Google Scholar

Hofer M. Kidneys and Adrenal Glands. Ultrasound Teaching Manual Hofer, Matthias, Thieme, 37–50, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

Ilias I, Yu J, Carrasquillo JA, Chen CC, Eisenhofer G, Whatley M, McElroy B, Pacak K. Superiority of 6-[18F]-fluorodopamine positron emission tomography versus [131I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in the localization of metastatic pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88, 4083–4087, 2003.10.1210/jc.2003-03023512970267Search in Google Scholar

Ilias I, Pacak K. Current approaches and recommended algorithm for the diagnostic localization of pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89, 479–491, 2004.10.1210/jc.2003-03109114764749Search in Google Scholar

Ilias I, Sahdev A, Reznek RH, Grossman AB, Pacak K. The optimal imaging of adrenal tumours: a comparison of different methods. Endocr Relat Cancer 14, 587–599, 2007.10.1677/ERC-07-004517914090Search in Google Scholar

Inabnet WB, Caragliano P, Pertsemlidis D. Pheochromocytoma: inherited associations, bilaterality, and cortex preservation. Surgery 128, 1007–1012, 2000.10.1067/msy.2000.11084611114636Search in Google Scholar

Incidentaloma. NIH state-of-the-science statement on management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (“incidentaloma”). NIH Consens State Sci Statements 19, 1–25, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Jaroszewski DE, Tessier DJ, Schlinkert RT, Grant CS, Thompson GB, van Heerden JA, Farley DR, Smith SL, Hinder RA. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. Mayo Clinic Proc 78, 1501–1504, 2003.10.4065/78.12.150114661679Search in Google Scholar

Jimenez C, Waguespack SG. Functional imaging for pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma: a step closer to understanding its place in clinical practice. Endocrine 50, 6–8, 2015.10.1007/s12020-015-0672-026113425Search in Google Scholar

Kalady MF, McKinlay R, Olson JA Jr, Pinheiro J, Lagoo S, Park A, Eubanks WS. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. Surg Endosc 18, 621–625, 2004.10.1007/s00464-003-8827-015026894Search in Google Scholar

Kercher KW, Novitsky YW, Park A, Matthews BD, Litwin DE, Heniford BT. Laparoscopic curative resection of pheochromocytomas. Ann Surg 241, 916–928, 2005.10.1097/01.sla.0000164175.26785.06135717115912041Search in Google Scholar

Kinney MA, Narr BJ, Warner MA. Perioperative management of pheochromocytoma. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 16, 359–369, 2002.10.1053/jcan.2002.124150Search in Google Scholar

Krestin GP, Steinbrich W, Friedmann G. Adrenal masses: evaluation with fast gradient-echo MR imaging and Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic studies. Radiology 171, 675–680, 1989.10.1148/radiology.171.3.2717737Search in Google Scholar

Lack EE; Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (US); Universities Associated for Research and Education in Pathology. Tumors of the adrenal gland and extra-adrenal paraganglia. Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Third series. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1997.Search in Google Scholar

Lee JKT, Sagel SS, Stanley RJ, Heiken JP. Computed body tomography with MRI correlation, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998.Search in Google Scholar

Lenders JW, Eisenhofer G, Mannelli M, Pacak K. Phaeochromocytoma. Lancet 366, 665–675, 2005.10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67139-5Search in Google Scholar

Lenders JW, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grebe SK, Murad MH, Naruse M, Pacak K, Young WF Jr; Endocrine Society. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99, 1915–1942, 2014.10.1210/jc.2014-149824893135Search in Google Scholar

Lentschener C, Gaujoux S, Tesniere A, Dousset B. Point of controversy: perioperative care of patients undergoing pheochromocytoma removal-time for a reappraisal? Eur J Endocrinol 165, 365–373, 2011.10.1530/EJE-11-016221646289Search in Google Scholar

Leung K, Stamm M, Raja A, Low G. Pheochromocytoma: the range of appearances on ultrasound, CT, MRI, and functional imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 200, 370–378, 2013.10.2214/AJR.12.912623345359Search in Google Scholar

Li J, Yang CH. Improvement of preoperative management in patients with adrenal pheochromocytoma. Int J Clin Exp Med 7, 5541–5546, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Maitra A. The Endocrine System. In: Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease, professional edition: expert consult (Eds. Kumar V, Abas A, Fausto N, Aster J), pp. 1159-1161, Phladelphia, PA, Saunders Elsevier, 2010.10.1016/B978-1-4377-0792-2.50029-8Search in Google Scholar

Manger WM, Gifford RW. Pheochromocytoma. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 4, 62–72, 2002.10.1111/j.1524-6175.2002.01452.x809932911821644Search in Google Scholar

Mannelli M, Ianni L, Cilotti A, Conti A. Pheochromocytoma in Italy: a multicentric retrospective study. Eur J Endocrinol 141, 619–624, 1999.10.1530/eje.0.141061910601965Search in Google Scholar

Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, Osella G, Masini AM, Ali A, Giovagnetti M, Opocher G, Angeli A. A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85, 637–644, 2000.10.1210/jcem.85.2.637210690869Search in Google Scholar

Marini F, Falchetti A, Del Monte F, Carbonell Sala S, Tognarini I, Luzi E, Brandi ML. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Orphanet J Rare Dis 1, 45, 2006.10.1186/1750-1172-1-45Search in Google Scholar

Maurea S, Cuocolo A, Reynolds JC, Neumann RD, Salvatore M. Diagnostic imaging in patients with paragangliomas. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance and MIBG scintigraphy comparison. Q J Nucl Med 40, 365–371, 1996.Search in Google Scholar

McHenry CR. Pheochromocytoma: A clinical enigma. Endocr Pract 2016.Search in Google Scholar

Megias MC, Puyol DR, Rodriguez LF, Martinez GLS, Miguel PM. Pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma: Biochemical and genetic diagnosis. [Feocromocitoma-paraganglioma: del diagnostico bioquimico al genetico.] Nefrologia (Madr.) 36, 481–488, 2016.Search in Google Scholar

Melicow MM. One hundred cases of pheochromocytoma (107 tumors) at the Columbia and Presbyterian Medical Center, 1926–1976: a clinicopathological analysis. Cancer 40, 1987–2004, 1977.10.1002/1097-0142(197711)40:5<1987::AID-CNCR2820400502>3.0.CO;2-RSearch in Google Scholar

Mezzadri NA, Catalina Mandry A, Sinagra DL, Eduardo Falco J, Fernandez Vila JM. [Laparoscopic approach in the treatment of malignant adrenal tumours.] Cir Esp 87, 306–311, 2010.10.1016/j.ciresp.2010.01.006Search in Google Scholar

Mittendorf EA, Evans DB, Lee JE, Perrier ND. Pheochromocytoma: advances in genetics, diagnosis, localization, and treatment. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 21, 509–525, 2007.10.1016/j.hoc.2007.04.012Search in Google Scholar

Miyake H, Maeda H, Tashiro M, Suzuki K, Nagatomo H, Aikawa H, Ashizawa A, Iechika S, Moriuchi A. CT of adrenal tumors: frequency and clinical significance of low-attenuation lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 152, 1005–1007, 1989.10.2214/ajr.152.5.1005Search in Google Scholar

Moon KL Jr, Hricak H, Crooks LE, Gooding CA, Moss AA, Engelstad BL, Kaufman L. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the adrenal gland: a preliminary report. Radiology 147, 155–160, 1983.10.1148/radiology.147.1.6828721Search in Google Scholar

Nagaraja V, Eslick GD, Edirimanne S. Recurrence and functional outcomes of partial adrenalectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg 16, 7–13, 2015.10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.01.015Search in Google Scholar

Nakane M, Takahashi S, Sekine I, Fukui I, Koizumi M, Kage K, Ito Y, Aiba K, Horikoshi N, Hatake K, Ishikawa Y, Ogata E. Successful treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma with combination chemotherapy containing anthracycline. Ann Oncol 14, 1449–1450, 2003.10.1093/annonc/mdg358Search in Google Scholar

National Cancer Institute, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (NCI SEER). Glossary of Statistical Terms (http://seer.cancer.gov), 2015.Search in Google Scholar

Neumann HP, Bausch B, McWhinney SR, Bender BU, Gimm O, Franke G et al. Germ-line mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma. N Engl J Med 346, 1459–1466, 2002.10.1056/NEJMoa020152Search in Google Scholar

Neurofibromatosis. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: neurofibromatosis. Bethesda, Md., USA, July 13-15, 1987. Neurofibromatosis 1, 172–178, 1988.Search in Google Scholar

Newhouse JH. MRI of the adrenal gland. Urol Radiol 12, 1–6, 1990.10.1007/BF02923954Search in Google Scholar

Newhouse JH, Heffess CS, Wagner BJ, Imray TJ, Adair CF, Davidson AJ. Large degenerated adrenal adenomas: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiology 210, 385–391, 1999.10.1148/radiology.210.2.r99fe1238510207419Search in Google Scholar

Pacak K, Linehan WM, Eisenhofer G, Walther MM, Goldstein DS. Recent advances in genetics, diagnosis, localization, and treatment of pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med 134, 315–329, 2001a.10.7326/0003-4819-134-4-200102200-0001611182843Search in Google Scholar

Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Carrasquillo JA, Chen CC, Li ST, Goldstein DS. 6-[18F]fluorodopamine positron emission tomographic (PET) scanning for diagnostic localization of pheochromocytoma. Hypertension 38, 6–8, 2001b.10.1161/01.HYP.38.1.611463751Search in Google Scholar

Pacak K, Fojo T, Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer G, Walther MM, Linehan WM, Bachenheimer L, Abraham J, Wood BJ. Radiofrequency ablation: a novel approach for treatment of metastatic pheochromocytoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 93, 648–649, 2001c.10.1093/jnci/93.8.648238687811309443Search in Google Scholar

Pacak K. Preoperative management of the pheochromocytoma patient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92, 4069–4079, 2007.10.1210/jc.2007-172017989126Search in Google Scholar

Pacak K, Eisenhofer G, Ahlman H, Bornstein SR, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grossman AB, Kimura N, Mannelli M, McNicol AM, Tischler AS; International Symposium on Pheochromocytoma. Pheochromocytoma: recommendations for clinical practice from the First International Symposium. October 2005. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3, 92–102, 2007.10.1038/ncpendmet039617237836Search in Google Scholar

Pacak K, Wimalawansa SJ. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocri Pract 21, 406–412, 2015.10.4158/EP14481.RA25716634Search in Google Scholar

Papierska L, Cichocki A, Sankowski AJ, Cwikla JB. Adrenal incidentaloma imaging - the first steps in therapeutic management. Pol J Radiol 78, 47–55, 2013.10.12659/PJR.889541390850724505223Search in Google Scholar

Pappachan JM, Raskauskiene D, Sriraman R, Edavalath M, Hanna FW. Diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma: a practical guide to clinicians. Curr Hypertens Rep 16, 442, 2014.10.1007/s11906-014-0442-z24792093Search in Google Scholar

Parenti G, Zampetti B, Rapizzi E, Ercolino T, Giache V, Mannelli M. Updated and new perspectives on diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. J Oncol 2012, 872713, 2012.10.1155/2012/872713340764522851969Search in Google Scholar

Pederson LC, Lee JE. Pheochromocytoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 4, 329–337, 2003.10.1007/s11864-003-0008-9Search in Google Scholar

Portela-Gomes GM, Stridsberg M, Grimelius L, Falkmer UG, Falkmer S. Expression of chromogranins A, B, and C (secretogranin II) in human adrenal medulla and in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas An immunohistochemical study with region-specific antibodies. AMPIS 112, 663–673, 2004.10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.t01-1-apm1121005.xSearch in Google Scholar

Press D, Akyuz M, Dural C, Aliyev S, Monteiro R, Mino J, Mitchell J, Hamrahian A, Siperstein A, Berber E. Predictors of recurrence in pheochromocytoma. Surgery 156, 1523–1528, 2014.10.1016/j.surg.2014.08.044Search in Google Scholar

Prokopakis E, Doulaptsi M, Kaprana A, Velegrakis S, Vlastos Y, Velegrakis G. Treating medullary thyroid carcinoma in a tertiary center. Current trends and review of the literature. Hippokratia 18, 130–134, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Renard J, Clerici T, Licker M, Triponez F. Pheochromocytoma and abdominal paraganglioma. J Visc Surg 148, e409–e416, 2011.10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2011.07.003Search in Google Scholar

Reynolds RM, Browning GG, Nawroz I, Campbell IW. Von Recklinghausen’s neurofibromatosis: neurofibromatosis type 1. Lancet 361, 1552–1554, 2003.10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13166-2Search in Google Scholar

Schteingart DE, Doherty GM, Gauger PG, Giordano TJ, Hammer GD, Korobkin M, Worden FP. Management of patients with adrenal cancer: recommendations of an international consensus conference. Endocr Relat Cancer12, 667–680, 2005.10.1677/erc.1.0102916172199Search in Google Scholar

Schultz CL, Haaga JR, Fletcher BD, Alfidi RJ, Schultz MA. Magnetic resonance imaging of the adrenal glands: a comparison with computed tomography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 143, 1235–1240, 1984.10.2214/ajr.143.6.12356333793Search in Google Scholar

Schulz C, Eisenhofer G, Lehnert H. Principles of catecholamine biosynthesis, metabolism and release. Front Horm Res, 31, 1–25, 2004.10.1159/00007465614674302Search in Google Scholar

Siddiqi HK, Yang HY, Laird AM, Fox AC, Doherty GM, Miller BS, Gauger PG. Utility of oral nicardipine and magnesium sulfate infusion during preparation and resection of pheochromocytomas. Surgery 152, 1027–1036, 2012.10.1016/j.surg.2012.08.02323158177Search in Google Scholar

Sommerey S, Foroghi Y, Chiapponi C, Baumbach SF, Hallfeldt KK, Ladurner R, Gallwas JK. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy--10-year experience at a teaching hospital. Langenbecks Arch Surg 400, 341–347, 2015.10.1007/s00423-015-1287-x25721680Search in Google Scholar

Stein PP, Black HR. A simplified diagnostic approach to pheochromocytoma. A review of the literature and report of one institution’s experience. Medicine (Baltimore) 70, 46–66, 1991.10.1097/00005792-199101000-000041988766Search in Google Scholar

Stenstrom G, Svardsudd K. Pheochromocytoma in Sweden 1958 to 1981. An analysis of the National Cancer Registry Data. Acta Med Scand 220, 225–232, 1986.10.1111/j.0954-6820.1986.tb02755.xSearch in Google Scholar

Sternberg SS, Antonioli DA, Carter D, Mills SE, Oberman HA. Diagnostic surgical pathology. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

Sutton MG, Sheps SG, Lie JT. Prevalence of clinically unsuspected pheochromocytoma. Review of a 50-year autopsy series. Mayo Clin Proc 56, 354–360, 1981.Search in Google Scholar

Szudek J, Evans DG, Friedman JM. Patterns of associations of clinical features in neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). Hum Genet 112, 289–297, 2003.10.1007/s00439-002-0871-712596053Search in Google Scholar

Tang SH, Chen A, Lee CT, Yu DS, Chang SY, Sun GH. Remote recurrence of malignant pheochromocytoma 14 years after primary operation. J Urol 169, 269, 2003.10.1097/00005392-200301000-00066Search in Google Scholar

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Pathology and genetics of tumours of endocrine organs (IARC WHO Classification of Tumours) (Eds. DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz P, Eng C). IARC Press, Lyon, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Thompson LD. Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal gland Scaled Score (PASS) to separate benign from malignant neoplasms: a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study of 100 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 26, 551–566, 2002.10.1097/00000478-200205000-0000211979086Search in Google Scholar

Thompson GB, Young WF Jr. Adrenal incidentaloma. Curr Opin Oncol 15, 84–90, 2003.10.1097/00001622-200301000-0001312490767Search in Google Scholar

van Berkel A, Lenders JW, Timmers HJ. Diagnosis of endocrine disease: Biochemical diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Eur J Endocrinol 170, R109–R119, 2014.10.1530/EJE-13-088224347425Search in Google Scholar

van Heerden J, Roland CF, Carney JA, Sheps SG, Grant CS. Long-term evaluation following resection of apparently benign pheochromocytoma(s)/paraganglioma(s). World J Surg 14, 325–329, 1990.10.1007/BF016585161973322Search in Google Scholar

Weingarten TN, Cata JP, O’Hara JF, Prybilla DJ, Pike TL, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Warner DO, Bravo E, Sprung J. Comparison of two preoperative medical management strategies for laparoscopic resection of pheochromocytoma. Urology 76, 508.e6–508. e11, 2010.10.1016/j.urology.2010.03.03220546874Search in Google Scholar

Wells SA Jr, Asa SL, Dralle H, Elisei R, Evans DB, Gagel RF, Lee N, Machens A, Moley JF, Pacini F, Raue F, Frank-Raue K, Robinson B, Rosenthal MS, Santoro M, Schlumberger M, Shah M, Waguespack SG; American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 25, 567–610, 2015.10.1089/thy.2014.0335449062725810047Search in Google Scholar

Williams VC, Lucas J, Babcock MA, Gutmann DH, Korf B, Maria BL. Neurofibromatosis type 1 revisited. Pediatrics 123, 124–133, 2009.10.1542/peds.2007-320419117870Search in Google Scholar

Shen WT, Grogan R, Vriens M, Clark OH, Duh QY. One hundred two patients with pheochromocytoma treated at a single institution since the introduction of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Arch Surg 145, 893–897, 2010.10.1001/archsurg.2010.15920855761Search in Google Scholar