About this article
Published Online: May 07, 2019
Page range: 67 - 80
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ceej-2018-0005
Keywords
© 2018 A. Kopańska, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Results
| variables | 1- | 2- | 3- | 4- | 5- | 6- |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GMM-1 | GMM-2 | FE-1 | FE-2 | RE-1 | RE-2 | |
| L.E | 0.569 | 0.566 | ||||
| (28.79)*** | (31.21)*** | |||||
| L2.E | 0.181 | 0.172 | ||||
| (13.51)*** | (12.48)*** | |||||
| pop5_19_all | 0.155 | 0.082 | -0.413 | |||
| −0.65 | −0.18 | −1.15 | ||||
| pop60more_all | 0.485 | 0.536 | 0.888 | 1.169 | 0.949 | 1.059 |
| (3.11)*** | (4.39)*** | (1.98)** | (2.56)** | (2.99)*** | (3.59)*** | |
| female_all | 0.733 | −0.171 | 1.31 | 1.443 | ||
| (1.70)* | −0.21 | (1.87)* | (2.09)** | |||
| high_educ_all | 1.144 | 0.991 | 7.512 | 7.747 | ||
| (3.76)*** | (3.85)*** | (8.32)*** | (8.74)*** | |||
| lncit_pc | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.003 | ||
| (2.52)** | (2.39)** | −0.87 | −1.53 | |||
| house_size_pc | 0 | 0.004 | 0.004 | |||
| −0.24 | (1.77)* | (1.73)* | ||||
| i.villfund | 0.123 | 0.123 | 0.055 | 0.055 | ||
| (4.76)*** | (5.47)*** | (2.40)** | (2.37)** | |||
| i.part_1 | 0.041 | 0.043 | 0.159 | 0.163 | ||
| (3.56)*** | (4.00)*** | (4.09)*** | (4.23)*** | |||
| i.part_2 | −0.039 | −0.047 | −0.315 | −0.313 | ||
| (2.81)*** | (3.61)*** | (8.42)*** | (8.37)*** | |||
| grantcult_pc | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| (5.22)*** | (6.57)*** | (15.21)*** | (16.17)*** | (14.69)*** | (15.68)*** | |
| lnrev_pc | 0.203 | 0.206 | 0.093 | 0.093 | 0.152 | 0.148 |
| (9.24)*** | (9.12)*** | (4.58)*** | (4.68)*** | (7.68)*** | (7.65)*** | |
| FI | −0.09 | −0.095 | −0.096 | −0.085 | −0.116 | −0.116 |
| (2.93)*** | (3.25)*** | (2.89)*** | (2.63)*** | (3.58)*** | (3.68)*** | |
| lnpop | −0.069 | −0.041 | −0.278 | −0.157 | −0.154 | |
| (3.83)*** | (4.59)*** | (2.53)** | (5.27)*** | (5.24)*** | ||
| popkm2 | 0 | −0.002 | −0.004 | −0.001 | −0.001 | |
| −0.23 | (2.01)** | (4.69)*** | (2.15)** | (2.26)** | ||
| i.rent | −0.016 | −0.017 | −0.06 | −0.06 | ||
| (2.22)** | (2.37)** | (2.38)** | (2.36)** | |||
| library | 0.011 | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.023 | 0.022 | |
| (1.96)** | (2.88)*** | (2.56)** | (8.13)*** | (7.95)*** | ||
| house_of_cult | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.023 | 0.023 |
| (5.91)*** | (6.35)*** | (4.81)*** | (4.97)*** | (10.64)*** | (10.78)*** | |
| cinemas | 0.111 | 0.135 | 0.095 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.129 |
| (4.34)*** | (6.32)*** | (2.47)** | (2.37)** | (3.75)*** | (3.77)*** | |
| i.election | 0.063 | 5.815 | 2.156 | 0.503 | 0.523 | |
| (3.75)*** | (5.69)*** | (5.11)*** | (21.09)*** | (32.86)*** | ||
| female_counc | −0.013 | −0.026 | −0.013 | |||
| −0.63 | −0.95 | −0.51 | ||||
| edu_counc | −0.012 | −0.008 | −0.002 | |||
| −0.6 | −0.29 | −0.07 | ||||
| _cons | −0.548 | −0.339 | 0.088 | 1.347 | 2.829 | 2.658 |
| (1.77)* | (1.74)* | (3.56)*** | (9.00)*** | (5.99)*** | (5.79)*** | |
| Hansen test, chi2 | 0.09 | 0.23 | ||||
| AR(2)-z | 0.1 | 0.17 | ||||
| Number of instruments | 153 | 126 | ||||
| Number of groups | 1,561 | 1,562 | 1,562 | 1,565 | 1,561 | 1,562 |
| Number of obs | 16,644 | 16,658 | 17,996 | 18,731 | 19,546 | 20,270 |
| R2_within | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.52 | 0.52 | ||
| R2_between | 0 | 0 | 0.29 | 0.29 | ||
| R2_overall | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.35 | ||
| rho_ar | 0.61 | 0.6 | 0.61 | 0.6 | ||
Differentiation of per capita operational spending* on culture in years 2002–2014 (in real terms)
| Year | Mean | p50 | Max | Min** | cv |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 38.9 | 34.9 | 225.2 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| 2003 | 41.1 | 36.5 | 242.8 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| 2004 | 43.3 | 38.5 | 322.7 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| 2005 | 46.7 | 41.7 | 513.1 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| 2006 | 50.2 | 44.5 | 365.7 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| 2007 | 53.8 | 46.8 | 583.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| 2008 | 60.2 | 52.9 | 750.2 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
| 2009 | 65.7 | 58.3 | 689.4 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| 2010 | 70.4 | 63.3 | 768.4 | 2.4 | 0.6 |
| 2011 | 68.6 | 62.7 | 715.1 | 2.3 | 0.6 |
| 2012 | 70.8 | 65.3 | 927.7 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
| 2013 | 73.7 | 67.4 | 853.8 | 4.1 | 0.6 |
| 2014 | 79.2 | 72.5 | 863.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
| Total | 58.7 | 51.4 | 927.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 |
List of explanatory variables and summary statistics (average for years 2002–2014)
| Variables | Description of the variable | Statistics* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Max | Min | cv | |||
| pop5_19_all | Share of population 5-19 | 0.20 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.15 | |
| pop60more_all | Share of population older than 59 | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.08 | 0.21 | |
| female_all | Share of women in population | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.02 | |
| high_educ_all | Share of people with the highest degree of | 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.48 | |
| education in municipality in 20021 | ||||||
| lncit_pc | Logarithm of local revenues from commercial | 9.46 | 1,032.58 | −116.81 | 3.60 | |
| income tax | ||||||
| house_size_pc | Living area per capita | 25.54 | 64.70 | 15.16 | 0.16 | |
| i.villfund | Socioeconomic characteristic of local population | Information on the Village Found in data from | 754 units (48.2%) had village found in 2014 | |||
| 2014 (dummy variable) | ||||||
| i.part_1 | A dummy variable representing part of Poland occupied in 19th century by Prussia (Austrian part is a comparison) | 524 units (33.4%) are on part of Poland controlled in 19th century by Prussia (west part of Poland) | ||||
| i.part_2 | A dummy variable representing part of Poland occupied in 19th century by Russia (Austrian part is comparison) | 802 units (51,2%) are on part of Poland controlled in 19th century by Russia (east part of Poland) | ||||
| grantcult_pc | Specific grants for culture from central budget per capita | 0.25 | 129.16 | 0.00 | 8.43 | |
| lnrev_pc | Financial variables | Logarithm of municipality revenues per capita (without grants from the European Union) | 2,613.71 | 22,719.75 | 1,185.65 | 0.28 |
| FI | Indicator of fiscal imbalance, which represents | 0.61 | 0.90 | 0.06 | 0.23 | |
| the share of grants from central budget in local | ||||||
| revenues | ||||||
| lnpop | Logarithm of number of citizens | 6,830.46 | 27,531.00 | 1,615.00 | 0.53 | |
| Popkm2 | Population density: number of citizens per | 69.19 | 585.21 | 4.40 | 0.87 | |
| square kilometre | ||||||
| i.rent | A dummy variable, equal 1 if there is a big city (more than 100,000 citizens) close to the municipality | 438 units (28%) are close to big cities | ||||
| library | Cost variables | Number of libraries | 3.00 | 26.00 | 0.00 | 0.69 |
| house_of_cult | Number of houses of culture | 1.16 | 21.00 | 0.00 | 1.84 | |
| cinemas | Number of communal cinemas | 0.01 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 11.30 | |
| i.election | A dummy variable, equal 1 if there is election year (2002, 2006, 2010, 2014) | |||||
| female_counc | The share of women councillors in council | 0.22 | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.60 | |
| edu_counc | Political variables | The share of councillors with the highest degree of education in the council | 0.23 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.62 |