An Institutional Approach to Trade Union Density. The Case of Legal Origins and Political Ideology

Source	Partial SS	Degrees of freedom	MS	F	Probability>F
model	100619.206	14	7187.08617	39.86	0.0000
legalorigins	57856.7897	4	14464.1974	80.22	0.0000
governmentideology	1768.76342	2	884.381712	4.90	0.0078
legalorigins # governmentideology	13755.8119	8	1719.47649	9.54	0.0000
residual	93577.3885	519	180.303253
Total	194196.595	533	364.346332
Number of observations	534
Root MSE	13.4277
R²	0.5181

Number of observations in each group

Group	Number of observations
Countries of English legal origin	98
Countries of socialist legal origin	94
Countries of German legal origin	96
Countries of French legal origin	150
Countries of Scandinavian legal origin	96
Countries with leftist ideology	190
Countries of rightist ideology	253
Countries of centrist ideology	91

Description and sources of variables

Variable		Mean	Standard deviation	Min	Max	Number of observations
trade_density	overall	31.26239	19.08786	5.654338	83.13813	N= 534

	between		18.6396	7.901695	74.92628	n= 28

	within		5.148027	16.77425	60.6157	T= 19.0714

wage	overall	35584.39	11602.42	8571	60196	N= 550

	between		11327.89	15155.2	54698.5	n= 28

	within		3048.24	26301.74	45284.74	T-bar= 19.6429

female_proc	overall	44.55367	2.75064	36.06719	50.85168	N= 560

	between		2.508818	39.59661	49.14098	n= 28

	within		1.218928	39.32568	48.80525	T= 20

gdp_growth	overall	2.414583	2.911034	-14.7244	11.7986	N= 558

	between		1.11048	0.5949518	4.616528	n= 28

	within		2.69923	-16.71889	9.791065	T-bar= 19.9286

pop_grow	overall	0.5135072	0.6639038	-1.7854	2.89096	N= 560

	between		0.5701864	-0.533331	2.099166	n= 28

	within		0.3559581	-1.149776	2.694526	T= 20

proc_industry	overall	17.74659	5.480131	9.164394	32.67896	N= 522

	between		5.124759	11.21641	29.72359	n= 28

	within		1.909545	13.24477	23.42335	T-bar= 18.6429

proc_services	overall	77.00743	8.023138	53.31408	89.66506	N= 502

	between		7.582936	61.3635	86.41893	n= 27

	within		2.956174	67.56668	83.43613	T-bar= 18.6429

unempl	overall	7.789464	4.146086	1.8	27.2	N= 560

	between		3.369221	3.64	16.74	n= 28

	within		2.494837	-.5505362	22.24946	T= 20

infl	overall	2.907487	3.920998	-4.479938	28.77661	N= 560

	between		1.910132	0.080999	8.574297	n= 28

	within		2.823246	-5.889125	25.1058	T= 20

Results of estimations

Independent variables	I	II	III	IV	V	VI	VII
scanlo	58.510 Significant at 5% level. (25.68)	56.052 Significant at 5% level. (27.85)	-	56.376 Significant at 5% level. (28.96)	66.430 Significant at 5% level. (25.92)	63.743 Significant at 5% level. (32.34)	-
gerlo	4.011 Significant at 10% level. (1.75)	3.348 Significant at 10% level. (1.81)	16.761 Significant at 10% level. (6.55)	-	16.371 Significant at 10% level. (6.43)	4.314 Significant at 10% level. (2.29)	-51.337 Significant at 10% level. (-44.87)
frlo	15.182 Significant at 10% level. (6.76)	11.815 Significant at 10% level. (4.83)	13.255 Significant at 10% level. (5.43)	11.465 Significant at 10% level. (3.85)	-	12.893 Significant at 10% level. (5.25)	-43.735 Significant at 10% level. (-53.16)
englo	15.552 Significant at 10% level. (5.78)	13.001 Significant at 10% level. (5.88)	31.241 Significant at 10% level. (10.58)	12.802 Significant at 10% level. (4.81)	26.334 Significant at 10% level. (8.69)	-	-43.968 Significant at 10% level. (-29.13)
soclo	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
lag.centr_ideology	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
lag.left_ideology	1.769	0.688 Significant at 10% level.	0.610 Significant at 10% level.	0.645 Significant at 10% level.	0.778 Significant at 10% level.	1.141 Significant at 10% level.	0 .352
	(1.25)	(2.09)	(1.68)	(1.87)	(2.33)	(2.25)	(1.22)
lag.right_ideology	1.958	0.420	0.273	0.396	0.268	0.807	0 .276
	(1.38)	(1.42)	(0.91)	(1.11)	(0.94)	(1.68)	(1.12)
wage	5.913	2.561	1.828	2.083	-1.366	5.962	0.684
	X10^(-4) Significant at 10% level.	X10^(-4) Significant at 10% level.	X10^(-4) Significant at 10% level.	X10^(-4) Significant at 10% level.	X10^(-4) Significant at 10% level.	X10^(-4) Significant at 10% level.	X10^(-4) Significant at 10% level.
	(7.20)	(5.25)	(2.06)	(2.98)	(-2.51)	(9.01)	(1.61)
female_proc	-0. 862 Significant at 10% level.	-0.750 Significant at 10% level.	-0.613 Significant at 10% level.	-0.918 Significant at 10% level.	-0.345 Significant at 10% level.	-0.344 Significant at 10% level.	-0.799 Significant at 10% level.
	(-4. 41)	(-4.98)	(-4.44)	(-6.14)	(-1.73)	(-3.40)	(-6.05)
gdp_growth	0.101	-0.022	-0.041	-0.019	-0.031	-0.061	0.004
	(0.06)	(-0.62)	(-0.87)	(-0.47)	(-0.97)	(-0.96)	(0.29)
pop_growth	-1. 183	-0.050	0.221	-0.053	-0.031	0.140	0.059
	(-1.14)	(-0.27)	(1.29)	(-0.14)	(-0.21)	(0.60)	(0.54)
proc_industry	1.779 Significant at 10% level.	0.954 Significant at 10% level.	1.418 Significant at 10% level.	0.991 Significant at 10% level.	0.443 Significant at 10% level.	2.093 Significant at 10% level.	1.150 Significant at 10% level.
	(12.43)	(6.20)	(7.53)	(6.75)	(2.87)	(14.06)	(6.07)
proc_services	-0.036	-0.264 Significant at 10% level.	-0.443 Significant at 10% level.	-0.170 Significant at 10% level.	-0.819 Significant at 10% level.	-0.472 Significant at 10% level.	0. 321 Significant at 10% level.
	(-0.29)	(-2.94)	(-7.03)	(-1.78)	(-6.97)	(-8.01)	(2.65)
unempl	0. 767	0.152 Significant at 10% level.	0.224 Significant at 10% level.	0.141 Significant at 10% level.	0.301 Significant at 10% level.	0.153 Significant at 10% level.	0. 144 Significant at 10% level.
	(3.73)	(2.75)	(3.65)	(2.13)	(4.24)	(2.28)	(4.69)
infl	0.714 Significant at 10% level.	0.096 Significant at 10% level.	0.189 Significant at 10% level.	0.106 Significant at 10% level.	0.081 Significant at 10% level.	0.243 Significant at 10% level.	-0.080 Significant at 10% level.
	(3.35)	(1.85)	(3.06)	(1.94)	(1.65)	(3.13)	(-2.07)
constant	-	42.700 Significant at 10% level.	33.947 Significant at 10% level.	44.189 Significant at 10% level.	80.021 Significant at 10% level.	-	58.739 Significant at 10% level.
	-	(5.43)	(3.40)	(4.98)	(6.91)	-	(5.76)
number of observations/ number of groups	445/-	445/27	327/23	394/23	303/19	369/22	342/21
R^2	0.9385	0.8142	0.7972	0.8196	0.8796	0.9660	0.8545
	F-statistic=	Wald $\begin{matrix} X_{14}^{2} \end{matrix}$ $\begin{array}{} X^{2}_{14} \end{array}$=	Wald $\begin{matrix} X_{13}^{2} \end{matrix}$ $\begin{array}{} X^{2}_{13} \end{array}$=	Wald $\begin{matrix} X_{13}^{2} \end{matrix}$ $\begin{array}{} X^{2}_{13} \end{array}$=	Wald $\begin{matrix} X_{13}^{2} \end{matrix}$ $\begin{array}{} X^{2}_{13} \end{array}$=	Wald $\begin{matrix} X_{13}^{2} \end{matrix}$ $\begin{array}{} X^{2}_{13} \end{array}$=	Wald $\begin{matrix} X_{13}^{2} \end{matrix}$ $\begin{array}{} X^{2}_{13} \end{array}$=
	469.67	22882.29	396.05	3290.84	5297.69	174291.43	4081.54

Descriptive statistics of discrete variables

		Overall	Between
Variable	Value	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
socio	0	440	78.57	22	78.57

	1	120	21.43	6	21.43

scanlo	0	479	85.69	24	85.71

	1	80	14.31	4	14.29

frlo	0	400	71.43	20	71.43

	1	160	28.57	8	28.57

englo	0	460	82.14	23	82.14

	1	100	17.86	5	17.86

gerio	0	460	82.14	23	82.14

	1	100	17.86	5	17.86

centr_ideology	0	464	82.86

	1	96	17.14

left_ideology	0	361	64.46

	1	199	35.54

right_ideology	0	295	52.68

	1	265	47.32

Mean values of the trade union density in groups determined by the legal origins and the ideology of the head of the government (for the period 1995–2014).

Head of government
Legal origins	Centre	Left	Right
English	25.563	26.272	27.008
French	29.85	22.181	30.380
German	19.086	25.701	20.092
Scandinavian	34.998	66.181	60.281
Socialist	23.729	26.345	23.463

eISSN:: 2543-6821
Language:: English

Publication timeframe:: Volume Open
Journal Subjects:: Business and Economics, Political Economics, Economic Theory, Systems and Structures, Microeconomics, Macroecomics, Public Finance and Fiscal Theory

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An Institutional Approach to Trade Union Density. The Case of Legal Origins and Political Ideology

Published Online: Mar 21, 2018

Page range: 35 - 49

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ceej-2017-0008

Keywords
institutions, trade unions, legal origin, party ideologies

© 2017 J. Lewkowicz, A. Lewczuk

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Fig. 1

Two-way ANOVA

Number of observations in each group

Description and sources of variables

Results of estimations

Descriptive statistics of discrete variables

Mean values of the trade union density in groups determined by the legal origins and the ideology of the head of the government (for the period 1995–2014).

An Institutional Approach to Trade Union Density. The Case of Legal Origins and Political Ideology

Published Online: Mar 21, 2018

Page range: 35 - 49

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ceej-2017-0008

Keywordsinstitutions, trade unions, legal origin, party ideologies

© 2017 J. Lewkowicz, A. Lewczuk

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Fig. 1

Two-way ANOVA

Number of observations in each group

Description and sources of variables

Results of estimations

Descriptive statistics of discrete variables

Mean values of the trade union density in groups determined by the legal origins and the ideology of the head of the government (for the period 1995–2014).

Keywords
institutions, trade unions, legal origin, party ideologies