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Soil aggregation and soil organic matter in conventionally and organically farmed Austrian Chernozems / Bodenaggregation und organische Substanz in konventionell und biologisch bewirtschafteten österreichischen Tschernosemböden

Taru Sandén
Taru Sandén
, 
Georg J. Lair
Georg J. Lair
, 
Jeroen P. van Leeuwen
Jeroen P. van Leeuwen
, 
Guðrún Gísladóttir
Guðrún Gísladóttir
, 
Jaap Bloem
Jaap Bloem
, 
Kristín Vala Ragnarsdóttir
Kristín Vala Ragnarsdóttir
, 
Markus Steffens
Markus Steffens
 and 
Winfried E.H. Blum
Winfried E.H. Blum
   | Mar 31, 2017
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Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Mar 31, 2017
Page range: 41 - 55
Received: Dec 19, 2016
Accepted: Mar 17, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/boku-2017-0004
Keywords
© 2017 Taru Sandén, Georg J. Lair, Jeroen P. van Leeuwen, Guðrún Gísladóttir, Jaap Bloem, Kristín Vala Ragnarsdóttir, Markus Steffens, Winfried E.H. Blum
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

The distributions of micro- (<20 µm, and 20-250 µm) and macroaggregates (>250 µm) in A) 0-15 cm, and B) 30-40cm.Abbildung 1. Die Verteilung der Mikro- (<20 µm und 20-250 µm) und Makroaggregate (>250 µm) in A) 0-15 cm und B) 30-40cm.
The distributions of micro- (<20 µm, and 20-250 µm) and macroaggregates (>250 µm) in A) 0-15 cm, and B) 30-40cm.Abbildung 1. Die Verteilung der Mikro- (<20 µm und 20-250 µm) und Makroaggregate (>250 µm) in A) 0-15 cm und B) 30-40cm.

The C and N distribution within particle-size fractions and C:N ratios of different soil fractions in A, C, E) 0-15 cm, and B, D, F) 30-40 cm. (Note: The C content of each fraction was calculated by taking total soil C as the sum of the C associated with all separate particle-size fractions, including POM fractions).Abbildung 2. Verteilung von C und N in den Korngrößenfraktionen und das C/N-Verhältnis der verschiedenen Bodenfraktionen in A, C, E) 0-15 cm und B, D, F) 30-40 cm. (Anmerkung: Der C-Gehalt jeder Fraktion wurde berechnet, indem der gesamte C aus der Summe des mit allen Korngrößenfraktionen, einschließlich POM-assoziierten C, berechnet wurde).
The C and N distribution within particle-size fractions and C:N ratios of different soil fractions in A, C, E) 0-15 cm, and B, D, F) 30-40 cm. (Note: The C content of each fraction was calculated by taking total soil C as the sum of the C associated with all separate particle-size fractions, including POM fractions).Abbildung 2. Verteilung von C und N in den Korngrößenfraktionen und das C/N-Verhältnis der verschiedenen Bodenfraktionen in A, C, E) 0-15 cm und B, D, F) 30-40 cm. (Anmerkung: Der C-Gehalt jeder Fraktion wurde berechnet, indem der gesamte C aus der Summe des mit allen Korngrößenfraktionen, einschließlich POM-assoziierten C, berechnet wurde).

Mean weight diameter (MWD) of ultrasound stable sand corrected aggregates (<5 mm), free particulate organic matter (fPOM) and occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) in the studied sites (n=3).Tabelle 2. Mittlerer gewichteter Durchmesser (MWD) von Ultraschallstabilen Aggregaten (<5 mm), freier partikulärer organischer Substanz ((fPOM)) und okkludierter partikulärer organischer Substanz (oPOM) an den untersuchten Standorten (n=3).

Depth (cm)Org-OBCon-OBOrg-LACon-LA
fPOM (g kg-1)0-153.573.365.863.85
30-401.572.522.842.22
oPOM (g kg-1)0-153.343.053.792.46
30-401.511.861.271.35
MWD (mm)0-157.649.983.824.50
30-406.658.858.4211.9

Pearson correlation coefficients between the free particulate organic matter (fPOM), occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM), soil aggregate fractions, mean weight diameter (MWD) and soil properties (n=12).Tabelle 3. Korrelationskoeffizienten (nach Pearson) zwischen der freien partikulären organischen Substanz ((fPOM)), der okkludierten partikulären organischen Substanz (oPOM), Bodenaggregatgrößen, mittlerem gewichteten Durchmesser (MWD) und allgemeinen Bodenparametern (n=12).

0-15 cm30-40 cm
fPOMoPOM<20µm20-250 µm>250 µmMWD(mm)fpOMoPOM<20µm>250 µm>250 µmMWD(mm)
sand-0.3850.111-0.364-0.643*0.697*0.622*0.0520.3730.0590.407-0.401-0.592*
silt0.407-0.1100.4130.615*-0.717**-0.644*-0.029-0.282-0.111-0.3730.4100.586*
clay0.196-0.1050.0200.711**-0.475-0.398-0.119-0.597*0.138-0.4230.2680.465
PH (H2O)0.723**0.2960.3520.527-0.620*-0.601*0.186-0.4470.2140.004-0.164-0.041
OC-0.050-0.357-0.0180.467-0.284-0.261-0.279-0.132-0.190-0.1680.2970.401
Nt-0.109-0.060-0.2990.640*-0.181-0.115-0.3010.021-0.319-0.0530.2950.313
CaCO30.466-0.0360.3540.580*-0.650*-0.593*0.022-0.634*0.333-0.5020.1850.393
K0.3360.1890.190-0.010-0.144-0.1250.2490.008-0.243-0.1200.2830.308
P-0.611*-0.040-0.427-0.698*0.784**0.762*-0.0270.702*-0.591*0.2780.2030.073
CEC0.0200.004-0.1940.512-0.181-0.131-0.147-0.211-0.321-0.0480.2920.330
BD-0.104-0.1940.111-0.3810.1620.1030.3880.505-0.3190.0000.2290.091
Fed-0.648*-0.117-0.404-0.5440.668*0.636*-0.3000.242-0.1680.189-0.032-0.183
Mnd-0.682*-0.216-0.255-0.4350.4850.468-0.1960.554-0.582*0.3260.1590.040
Ald-0.727**0.283-0.394-0.3920.5650.563-0.2940.0030.0830.082-0.128-0.152
Feo-0.651*-0.403-0.239-0.594*0.5760.576*0.2740.600*-0.688*0.1410.3900.338
Mno-0.689*-0.245-0.183-0.4270.4250.411-0.1540.467-0.4250.1910.1570.081
Alo-0.641*-0.215-0.285-0.4540.5190.513-0.3730.313-0.2840.1630.080-0.041
Funeal biomass-0.194-0.419-0.2600.1640.0990.102
Active fungi-0.433-0.053-0.438-0.5230.678*0.707*
Bacterial biomass0.679*0.5470.2630.275-0.390-0.439
Mineralizable N0.872***0.2750.5040.499-0.719**-0.734**
Hot-water extractable carbon (HWC)0.789**0.1110.3280.679*-0.699*-0.682*

Integrated chemical shift regions (% of total signal intensity) obtained by 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy for the extracted free particulate organic matter (fPOM), occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM), and bulk soil for the studied sites.Tabelle 4 Integral der chemischen Verschiebungen (% der Gesamtsignalintensität) in 13C CPMAS NMR-Spektrokopie für die extrahierte freie partikuläre organische Substanz (fPOM), die okkludierte partikuläre organische Substanz (oPOM) und den Gesamtboden der untersuchten Flächen.

Depth (cm)Org-OBCon-OBOrg-LACon-LA
fPOM
Alkyl-C (%)0-1515.016.715.816.0
30-4015.019.016.017.0
O-Alkyl-C (%)0-1549.348.753.043.4
30-4037.038.145.048.0
Aryl-C (%)0-1523.923.121.426.5
30-4033.029.427.025.0
Carboxyl-C (%)0-1511.811.89.8414.1
30-4015.013.412.010.0
Alkyl-C/O-Alkyl-C0-150.340.340.300.37
30-400.410.500.360.35
oPOM
Alkyl-C (%)0-1520.119.418.119.0
30-4022.525.017.020.0
O-Alkyl-C (%)0-1544.648.546.043.5
30-4041.536.036.038.0
Aryl-C (%)0-1523.922.224.927.1
30-4024.426.032.030.0
Carboxyl-C (%)0-1511.59.9211.010.3
30-4011.513.015.012.0
Alkyl-C/O-Alkyl-C0-150.450.400.390.44
30-400.540.690.470.53
Bulk soil
Alkyl-C (%)0-1521.423.520.921.4
30-4021.923.319.721.4
O-Alkyl-C (%)0-1535.636.436.235.4
30-4032.533.629.931.6
Aryl-C (%)0-1526.424.627.728.3
30-4028.126.532.630.5
Carboxyl-C (%)0-1516.715.515.214.9
30-4017.516.6187.916.5
Alkyl-C/O-Alkyl-C0-150.600.650.580.61
30-400.680.690.660.68

Physicochemical and biological properties of the bulk soils studied (n=3). Different letters indicate significant differences (Tukey’s post-hoc test, p<0.05).Tabelle 1. Physiko-chemische und biologische Eigenschaften der Gesamtböden (n=3). Unterschiedliche Buchstaben zeigen statistisch signifikante Unterschiede (Tukey’s Post-Hoc-Test, p<0,05).

ObersiebenbrunnObersiebenbrunnLasseeLassee
Depth (cm)Org-OBCon-OBOrg-LACon-LA
Physical soil properties
sand (g kg-1)0-15444a414a216b194b
30-40426a404a195b153b
silt (g kg-1)0-15412b447b617a636a
30-40420b442b602a653a
clay (g kg-1)0-15144139167170
30-40154155203194
Chemical soil properties
pH (H2O)0-157.96b7.92b8.12a8.04ab
30-408.14b8.14b8.39a8.18ab
OC (g kg-1)0-1518.015.218.620.0
30-4013.114.013.717.3
Nt (g kg-1)0-151.431.371.501.47
30-401.131.170.971.37
CaCo3(g kg-1)0-1568.3b65.3b196a197a
30-40143b126b240a219a
CAL-extractable K (mg kg-1)0-1570.8b219a205a115a
30-4041.767.997.597.6
CAL-extractable P (mg kg-1)0-1510712589.488.5
30-4044.234.629.343.8
CEC (mmolc kg-1)0-15193183210244
30-40175174180246
BD (g cm-3)0-151.541.451.381.40
30-401.441.531.461.44
Fed (g kg-1)0-155090515032503910
30-404690a4870a3530b3920b
Mnd (g kg-1)0-15310315218259
30-40234251177238
Ald (g kg-1)0-15554a575a396b492ab
30-40499575435480
Feo (g kg-1)0-159721060844940
30-40749868848902
Mno (g kg-1)0-15280295197239
30-40211228136228
Alo (g kg-1)0-151290a1380a1010b1160ab
30-401230a1290a934b1140ab
Biological soil properties
Fungi (µg C g-1 dry soil)0-1512.712.710.915.1
Active fungi (% of hyphal length)0-152.49b14.0a0.72b1.79b
Bacterial biomass (µg C g-1 dry soil)0-1544.438.368.938.3
Mineralizable N (mg kg-1)0-158.07b9.40b31.0a15.2ab
HWC (µg C g-1)0-15317b346b510a403ab
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