[Acharya R.M., Gupta U.D., Sehgal J.P., Singh M. (1995). Coat characteristics of goats in relation to heat tolerance in the hot tropics. Small Rumin. Res., 18: 245-248.]Search in Google Scholar
[Adedeji T.A. (2012). Effect of some qualitative traits and non-genetic factors on heat tolerance attributes of extensively reared West African Dwarf (WAD) goats. Inter. J. Appl. Agric. Apicul. Res., 8: 68-81.]Search in Google Scholar
[Aganga A.A., Umunna N.N., Oyedipe E.O., Okoh P.N., Aduku A.O. (1990). Response to water deprivation by Yankasa ewes under different physiological states. Small Rumin. Res., 3:109-115.]Search in Google Scholar
[Aggarwal A., Upadhyay R. (2013). Heat stress and animal productivity. Springer India, 188 pp.10.1007/978-81-322-0879-2]Search in Google Scholar
[Aharoni Y., Brosh A., Kourilov P., Ariel A. (2003). The variability of the ratio of oxygen consumption to heart rate in cattle and sheep at different hours of the day and under different heat load conditions. Livest. Prod. Sci., 79: 107-117.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ahmed M.M., El Kheir I.M. (2004). Thermoregulation and water balance as affected by water and food restrictions in Sudanese desert goats fed good-quality and poor-quality diets. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 36: 191-204.]Search in Google Scholar
[Alam M.M., Hashem M.A., Rahman M.M., Hossain M.M., Haque M.R., Sobhan Z., Islam M.S. (2011). Effect of heat stress on behavior, physiological and blood parameters of goat. Prog. Agric., 22: 37-45.]Search in Google Scholar
[Alamer A., Al - Hozab A. (2004). Effect of water deprivation and season on feed intake, body weight and thermoregulation in Awassi and Najdi sheep breeds in Saudi Arabia. J. Arid Environ., 59: 71-84.]Search in Google Scholar
[Al - Dawood A. (2015). Adoption of agricultural innovations: Investigating current status and barriers to adoption of heat stress management in small ruminants in Jordan. Amer.-Euras. J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 15: 388-398.]Search in Google Scholar
[Alexiev J., Gudev D., Popova - Ralcheva S., Moneva P. (2004). Thermoregulation in sheep. IV. Effect of heat stress on heart rate dynamics in shorn and off shorn ewes from three breeds. Zhivotrnov Dninauki, 41: 16-21.]Search in Google Scholar
[Al - Haidary A.A. (2004). Physiological responses of Naimey sheep to heat stress challenge under semi-arid environments. Inter. J. Agric. Biol., 6: 307-309.]Search in Google Scholar
[Al - Haidary A.A., Aljumaah R.S., Alshaikh M.A., Abdoun K.A., Samara E.M., Okah A.B., Aluraiji M.M. (2012). Thermoregulatory and physiological responses of Najdi sheep exposed to environmental heat load prevailing in Saudi Arabia. Pak. Vet. J., 32: 515-519.]Search in Google Scholar
[Al - Mamun M., Tanaka C., Hanai Y., Tamura Y., Sano H. (2007). Effects of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) herb and heat exposure on plasma glucose metabolism in sheep. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 20: 894-899.]Search in Google Scholar
[Al - Tamimi H.J. (2007). Thermoregulatory response of goat kids subjected to heat stress. Small Rumin. Res., 7: 280-285.]Search in Google Scholar
[Atrian P., Shahryar H.A. (2012). Heat stress in dairy cows. Res. Zool., 2: 31-37.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ayo J.O., Minka N.S., Mamman M. (2006). Excitability scores of goats administered ascorbic acid and transported during hot-dry conditions. J. Vet. Sci., 7: 127-131.]Search in Google Scholar
[Baler R., Dahl G., Voellmy R. (1993). Activation of human heat shock genes is accompanied by oligomerization, modification, and rapid translocation of heat shock transcription factor HSF1. Mol. Cell. Biol., 13: 2486-2496.]Search in Google Scholar
[Banerjee D., Upadhyay R.C., Chaudhary U.B., Kumar R., Singh S., Ashutosh , G J.M., Polley S., Mukherjee A., Das T.K. and De S. (2014). Seasonal variation in expression pattern of genes under HSP70 family in heat- and cold-adapted goats (Capra hircus). Cell Stress Chap., 19: 401-408.]Search in Google Scholar
[Barkai D., Landau S., Brosh A., Baram H., Molle G. (2002). Estimation of energy intake from heart rate and energy expenditure in sheep under confinement or grazing condition. Livest. Prod. Sci., 73: 237-246.]Search in Google Scholar
[Barnes A., Beatty D., Taylor E., Stockman C., Maloney S., Mc Carthy M. (2004). Physiology of heat stress in cattle and sheep. Project number LIVE.209, Australia. Meat and Livestock Australia Limited, 35 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Benjamin M.M. (1981). Fluid and electrolytes. In: Outline of veterinary clinical pathology. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, USA, pp. 213-238.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ben Salem H. (2010). Nutritional management to improve sheep and goat performances in semiarid regions. R. Bras. Zootec., 39: 337-347.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ben Salem H., Smith T. (2008). Feeding strategies to increase small ruminant production in dry environments. Small Rumin. Res., 77: 174-194.]Search in Google Scholar
[Berger Y., Billon P., Bocquier F., Caja G., Cannas A., Mc Kusick B., Marnet P-G., Thomas D. (2004). Principles of sheep dairying in North America. Cooperative Extension Publishing, A3767. University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, 156 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bernabucci U., Lacetera N., Ronchi B. (2002). Effects of the hot season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows. Anim. Res., 51: 25-33.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bligh J. (1957). The relationship between the temperature in the rectum and of the blood in the bicarotid trunk of the calf during exposure to heat stress. J. Physiol., 36: 393-403.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bligh J. (1985). Temperature regulation. In: Stress physiology in livestock. Vol. 1. Basic Principles, Yousef M.K. (ed.). CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 75-96.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bond T.E., Kelly C.F., Garrett W.N., Hahn L. (1961). Evaluation of materials for livestock shades. Calif. Agric., 15: 7-8.]Search in Google Scholar
[Bond T.E., Morrison S.R., Givens R.L. (1969). Influence of surroundings on radiant heat load of animals. Trans. ASAE, 12: 246-248.]Search in Google Scholar
[Brown D.L., Morrison S.R., Bradford G.E. (1988). Effects of ambient temperature on milk production of Nubian and Alpine goats. J. Dairy Sci., 71: 2486-2490.]Search in Google Scholar
[Cain J.W.III., Krausman P.R., Rosenstock S.S., Turner J.C. (2006). Mechanisms of thermoregulation and water balance in desert ungulates. Wildlife. Soc. Bull., 34: 570-581.]Search in Google Scholar
[Caroprese M. (2008). Sheep housing and welfare. Small Rumin. Res., 76: 21-25.]Search in Google Scholar
[Caspani M.L., Savioli M., Crotti S., Bruzzone P., Gattinoni L. (2004). Heat stress: characteristics, pathophysiology and avoidable mistakes. Minerva Anest., 70: 617-624.]Search in Google Scholar
[Castanheira M., Parva S.R., Louvandini H., Landim A., Fiorvanti M.C., Dallago B.S., Correa P.S., Mc Manus C. (2010). Use of heat tolerance traits in discriminating between groups of sheep in Central Brazil. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 42: 1821-1828.]Search in Google Scholar
[Caulfield M.P., Cambridge H., Foster S.F., Mc Greevy P.D. (2014). Review: Heat stress: a major contributor to poor animal welfare associated with long-haul live export voyages. Vet. J., 199: 223-228.]Search in Google Scholar
[Collier R.J., Beede D.K., Thatcher W.W., Israel L.A., Wilcox C.J. (1982). Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. J. Dairy. Sci., 65:2213-2227.]Search in Google Scholar
[Collier R.J., Collier J.L., Rhoads R.P., Baumgard L.H. (2008). Invited review: genes involved in the bovine heat stress response. J. Dairy Sci., 91: 445-454.]Search in Google Scholar
[Conrad J.H. (1985). Feeding of farm animals in hot and cold environments. In: Stress physiology in livestock. Vol. 1. Basic Principles, Yousef M.K. (eds). CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 205-226.]Search in Google Scholar
[Constable P.D. (1999). Clinical assessment of acid-base status: strong ion difference theory. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 15: 447-471.]Search in Google Scholar
[Crawshaw L.I. (1980). Temperature regulation in vertebrates. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 42: 473-491.]Search in Google Scholar
[da Costa M.J.R.P.,da Silva R.G.,de Souza R.C. (1992). Effect of air temperature and humidity on ingestive behaviour of sheep. Int. J. Biometeorol., 36: 218-222.]Search in Google Scholar
[Dangi S.S., Gupta M., Maurya D., Yadav V.P., Panda R.P., Singh G., Mohan N.H., Bhure S.K., Das B.C., Bag S., Mahapatra R., Sarkar M. (2012). Expression profile of HSPgenes during different seasons in goats (Capra hircus). Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 44: 1905-1912.]Search in Google Scholar
[Darcan N., Güney O. (2008). Alleviation of climatic stress of dairy goats in Mediterranean climate. Small Rumin. Res., 74: 212-215.]Search in Google Scholar
[Da Silva R.G., La Scala Jr N., Lima - Filho A.E., Catharin M.C. (2002). Respiratory heat loss in the sheep:acomprehensive model. Int. J. Biometeor., 46: 136-140.]Search in Google Scholar
[Degen A.A., Shkolnik A. (1978). Thermoregulation in fat-tailed Awassi,adesert sheep, and in German Mutton Merino,amesic sheep. Physiol. Zool., 51: 333-339.]Search in Google Scholar
[Devendra C. (1987). Goats. In: Bioclimatology and the adaptation of livestock, Johnson H.D. (eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 157-168.]Search in Google Scholar
[Dwyer C.M. (2009). The behavior of sheep and goats. In: The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory text, Jensen P. (ed.). CABI, 2nd ed., pp. 161-174.10.1079/9781845935368.0161]Search in Google Scholar
[Dwyer C.M., Bornett H.L.I. (2004). Chronic stress in sheep: assessment tools and their use in different management conditions. Anim. Welfare, 13: 293-304.]Search in Google Scholar
[Eltawil E.A., Narendran R. (1990). Ewe productivity in four breeds of sheep in Saudi Arabia. World Rev. Anim. Prod., 25: 93-96.]Search in Google Scholar
[Facanha D.A.E., Sammichelli L., Bozzi R., Silva W.S.T., Morais J.H.G., Lucena R.M.O., Escossia P.P., Costa W.P. (2012 a). Performance of Brazilian native goats submitted toamix supply under thermal stress conditions. Proc. XI International Conference on Goats, Gran Canaria, Spain, 23-27.09.2012, p. 343.]Search in Google Scholar
[Facanha D.A.E., Oliveira M.G.C., Guilhermino M.G., Costa W.P., Paula V.V. (2012 b). Hemogasometric parameters of Brazilian Native Goats under thermal stress conditions. Proc. XI International Conference on Goats, Gran Canaria, Spain, 23-27.09.2012, p. 72.]Search in Google Scholar
[FAO (2007). Adaptation to climate change in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries: Perspective, framework and priorities. FAO, Rome, 24 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Farid M.F., Shawket S.M., Abdel- Rahman M.H.A. (1979). Observations on the nutrition of camels and sheep under stress. Proc. Workshop on Camels, International Foundation of Science, Sweden, Kartoum, Sudan, 18-20.12.1979, p. 125-170.]Search in Google Scholar
[Fasoro B.F. (1999). Heat stress index in three breeds of goats. Agric. Project, Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria, pp. 6-28.]Search in Google Scholar
[Fecteau M.E., White S.L. (2014). Alteration in body temperature. In: Large animal internal medicine, Smith B.P. (ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences, 5th ed., pp. 31-39.]Search in Google Scholar
[Feige U., Polla B.S. (1994). Hsp70 -amulti-gene, multi-structure, multifunction family with potential clinical applications. Experientia, 50: 979-986.]Search in Google Scholar
[Gadberry M.S., Denard T.M., Spiers D.E., Piper E.L. (2003). Effect of feeding ergovaline on lambs’ performance inaheat stress environment. J. Anim. Sci., 81: 1538-1545.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ghanem A.M., Jaber L.S., Abi- Said M., Barbour E.K., Hamadeh S.K. (2008). Physiological and chemical responses in water deprived Awassi ewes treated with vitamin C. J. Arid Environ., 72: 141-149.]Search in Google Scholar
[Giger- Reverdin S., Gihad E.A. (1991). Water metabolism and intake in goats. In: Goat nutrition, Morand-Fehr P. (ed.). Pudoc: Wageningen, Netherlands, pp. 37-45.]Search in Google Scholar
[Gimenez D., Rodning S. (2007). Reproductive management of sheep and goats. Agriculture and Natural Resources (ANR-1316), Alabama Cooperative Extension System.]Search in Google Scholar
[Gonzalez F.H., Tecles F., Martinez- Subiela S., Tvarijonaviciute A., Soler L., Cerón J.J. (2008). Acute phase protein response in goats. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 20: 580-584.]Search in Google Scholar
[Grönlund U., Sandgren C.H., Waller K.P. (2005). Haptoglobin and serum amyloid Ain milk from dairy cows with chronic sub-clinical mastitis. Vet. Res., 36: 191-198.]Search in Google Scholar
[Gupta M., Kumar S., Dangi S.S., Jangir B.L. (2013). Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses to thermal stress in goats. Intern. J. Livest. Res., 3: 27-38.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hafez E.S.E. (1968). Behavioral adaptation. In: Adaptation of domestic animals, Hafez E.S.E. (ed.). Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA., pp. 202-214.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hales J.R.S., Webster M.E.D. (1967). Respiratory function during thermal tachypnoea in sheep. J. Physiol., 190: 241-260.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hall D.M., Buettner G.R., Oberley L.W., Xu L., Matthes R.D., Gisolfi C.V. (2001). Mechanisms of circulatory and intestinal barrier dysfunction during whole body hyperthermia. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 280: 509-521.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hammadi M., Fehem A., Harrabi H., Ayeb N., Khorchani T., Salama A.A.K., Casals R., Such X., Caja G. (2012). Shading effects on respiratory rate and rectal temperature in Tunisian local goat kids during summer season. Proc. XI International Conference on Goats, Gran Canaria, Spain, 23-27.09.2012, p. 127.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hamzaoui S., Salama A.A.K., Albanell E., Such X., Caja G. (2013). Physiological responses and lactational performances of late-lactation dairy goats under heat stress conditions. J. Dairy Sci., 96: 6355-6365.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hansen P.J. (2009). Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B., 364:3341-3350.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hansen P.J., Drost M., Rivera R.M., Paula- Lopes F.F., Al - Katanani Y.M., Krininger C.E., Chase Jr C.C. (2001). Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: causes and strategies for mitigation. Theriogenology, 55: 91-103.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hashem M.A., Hossain M.M., Rana M.S., Hossain M.M., Islam M.S., Saha N.G. (2013). Effect of heat stress on blood parameter, carcass and meat quality of Black Bengal goat. Bang. J. Anim. Sci., 42: 57-61.]Search in Google Scholar
[Heath E., Olusanya S. (1985). Anatomy and physiology of tropical livestock. Intern. Tropical Agric. Series, Longman, 3rd ed. 138 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Helal A., Hashem A.L.S., Abdel- Fattah M.S., El - Shaer H.M. (2010). Effects of heat stress on coat characteristics and physiological responses of Balady and Damascus goats in Sinai, Egypt. Amer.-Euras. J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 7: 60-69.]Search in Google Scholar
[Henle K.J., Leeper D.B. (1979). Effects of hyperthermia (45 degrees) on macromolecular synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Res., 39: 2665-2674.]Search in Google Scholar
[Hirayama T., Oshiro S., Katoh K., Ohta M. (2000). Effect of exposure on the rumination and passage rate through digestive tract of sheep. Anim. Sci. J., 71: 258-263.]Search in Google Scholar
[Houpt T.R. (1989). Water, electrolytes and acid base balance. In: Dukes’ physiology of domestic animals, Swenson M.J. (ed.). Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, USA, 10th ed., pp. 486-506.]Search in Google Scholar
[Igbokwe I.O. (1993). Haemoconcentration in Yankasa sheep exposed to prolonged water deprivation. Small Rumin. Res., 12: 99-105.]Search in Google Scholar
[IPCC (2014 a). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change: Synthesis report summary for policymakers. (https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf.).]Search in Google Scholar
[IPCC (2014 b). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of working group IIIto the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Edenhofer O., Pichs-Madruga R., Sokona Y., Farahani E., Kadner S., Seyboth K., Adler A., Baum I., Brunner S., Eickemeier P., Kriemann B., Savolainen J., Schlömer S., von Stechow C., Zwickel T. Minx J.C. (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 30.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ismail E., Abdel- Latif H., Hassan G.A., Salem M.H. (1995). Water metabolism and requirements of sheep as affected by breed and season. World Rev. Anim. Prod., 30: 95-105.]Search in Google Scholar
[Jaber L.S., Habre A., Rawda N., Abi Said M., Barbour E.K., Hamadeh S.K. (2004). The effect of water restriction on certain physiological parameters in Awassi sheep. Small Rumin. Res., 54: 115-120.]Search in Google Scholar
[Jain S., Gautam V., Naseem S. (2011). Acute-phase proteins: As diagnostic tool. J. Pharm. Bioallied. Sci., 3: 118-127.]Search in Google Scholar
[Jakper N., Kojo I.A. (2014). Effect of coat colour, ecotype, location and sex on hair density of West African Dwarf (WAD) goats in Northern Ghana. Sky. J. Agric. Res., 3: 25-30.]Search in Google Scholar
[Johnson H.D. (1985). Physiological responses and productivity of cattle. In: Stress physiology in livestock, Yousef M.K. (ed.). Vol. II. Ungulates. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 3-24.]Search in Google Scholar
[Johnson H.D. (1987). Bioclimate effects on growth, reproduction and milk production. In: Bioclimatology and the adaptation of livestock, Johnson H.D. (ed.). Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Part II, pp. 3-16.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kadim I.T., Mahgoub O., Al - Marzooqi W., Al - Ajmi D.S., Al - Maqbali R.S., Al - Lawati S.M. (2008). The influence of seasonal temperatures on meat quality characteristics of hot-boned, m. psoas major and minor, from goats and sheep. Meat Sci., 80: 210-215.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kadzere C.T., Murphy M.R., Silanikove N., Maltz E. (2002). Heat stress in lactating dairy cows:areview. Livest. Prod. Sci., 77: 59-91.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kandemir C., Kosum N., Taskin T. (2013). The effects of heat stress on physiological traits in sheep. Macedonian J. Anim. Sci., 3: 25-29.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kelley K.W. (1985). Immunological consequences of changing environmental stimuli. In: Animal stress, Moberg G.P. (ed.). Am. Physiol. Soc., Bethesda, MD, pp. 193-223.10.1007/978-1-4614-7544-6_12]Search in Google Scholar
[Khan M.S., Ghosh P.K. (1989). Physiological responses of desert sheep and goats to grazing during summer and winter. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 59: 600-603.]Search in Google Scholar
[Khan M.S., Ghosh P.K., Sasidharan T.O. (1978). Effect of acute water restriction on plasma proteins and on blood and urinary electrolytes in Barmer goats of the Rajasthan desert. J. Agri. Sci. Camb., 2: 395-398.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kobeisy S. (1997). Effect of vitamin Cand Eon rectal temperature and respiratory rates in heat stressed goats. Assiut. Vet. Med. J., 37: 120-132.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kumar M., Jindal R., Nayyar S. (2011 a). Influence of heat stress on antioxidant status in Beetal goats. Indian J. Small Rumin., 17: 178-181.]Search in Google Scholar
[Kumar S.B.V., Kumar A., Kataria M. (2011 b). Effect of heat stress in tropical livestock and different strategies for its amelioration. J. Stress Physiol. Biochem., 7: 45-54.]Search in Google Scholar
[Lefcourt A.M, Adams W.R. (1998). Radiotelemetric measurement of body temperature of feedlot steers during winter. J. Anim. Sci., 76: 1830-1837.]Search in Google Scholar
[Leonart M.S., Weffort- Santos A.M., Munoz E.M., Higuti I.H., Fortes V.A., Nascimento A.J. (1989). Effect of vitamin Eon red blood cell preservation. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 22: 85-86.]Search in Google Scholar
[Lindquist S. (1986). The heat-shock response. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 55: 1151-1191.]Search in Google Scholar
[Lippolis J.D. (2008). Immunological signaling networks: integrating the body’s immune response. J. Anim. Sci., 86: 53-63.]Search in Google Scholar
[Lowe T.E., Cook C.J., Ingram J.R., Harris P.J. (2001). Impact of climate on thermal rhythm in pastoral sheep. Physiol. Behavior, 74: 659-664.]Search in Google Scholar
[LPHSI (1990). Livestock and poultry heat stress indices. Agriculture Engineering Technology Guide, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mac Farlane W.V., Morris R.J.H., Howard Â. (1958). Heat and water in tropical Merino sheep. Aust. J. Agri. Res., 9: 217-228.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mader T.L., Davis M.S. (2004). Effect of management strategies on reducing heat stress of feedlot cattle: feed and water intake. J. Anim. Sci., 82: 3077-3087.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mader T.L., Davis M.S., Brown-Brand T. (2006). Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 84: 712-719.]Search in Google Scholar
[Marai I.F., Bahgat L.B., Shalaby T., Abdel- Hafez M.A.M. (2000). Fattening performance, some behavioral traits and physiological reactions of male lambs fed concentrates mixture alone with or without natural clay under hot summer of Egypt. Ann. Arid Zone, 39: 449-460.]Search in Google Scholar
[Marai I.F., Ayyat M.S., Abd El - Monem U.M. (2001). Growth performance and reproductive traits at first parity of New Zealand White female rabbits as affected by heat stress and its alleviation under Egyptian conditions. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 33: 451-462.]Search in Google Scholar
[Marai I.F., El Darawany A.A., Fadiel A., Abdel- Hafez M.A.M. (2007). Physiological traits as affected by heat stress in sheep -areview. Small Rumin. Res., 71: 1-12.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mathew A., Mathur S.K., Morimoto R.I. (1998). Heat shock response and protein degradation: regulation of HSF2 by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol., 18: 5091-5098.]Search in Google Scholar
[Matteri R.L., Carroll J.A., Dyer C.J. (2000). Neuroendocrine responses to stress. In: The biology of stress: Basic principles and implications for animal welfare, Moberg G.P., Mench J.A. (eds). CABI, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, pp. 43-76.10.1079/9780851993591.0043]Search in Google Scholar
[Minton J.E. (1994). Function of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system in models of acute stress in domestic farm animals. J. Anim. Sci., 72: 1891-1898.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mishra R.P. (2009). Role of housing and management in improving productivity efficiency of goats. In: Goat production-processing of milk and meat. Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG), India, 1st ed., pp. 45.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mizzen L.A.,Welch W.J. (1988). Characterization of the thermotolerant cell. I. Effects on protein synthesis activity and the regulation of heat-shock protein 70 expression. J. Cell. Biol., 106: 1105-1116.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mohamad S.S. (2012). Effect of level of feeding and season on rectal temperature and blood metabolites in desert rams. Acad. J. Nutr., 1: 14-18.]Search in Google Scholar
[Monty D.E., Kelly L.M., Rice W.R. (1991). Acclimatization of St. Croix, Karakul and Rambouillet sheep to intense and dry summer heat. Small Rumin. Res., 4: 379-392.]Search in Google Scholar
[Moore C.E., Kay J.K., Van Baale M.J., Baumgard L.H. (2005). Calculating and improving energy balance during times of nutrient limitation. Proc. Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, Tempe, Arizona, 24-25.02.2005, p. 173-185.]Search in Google Scholar
[Morrison S.R. (1983). Ruminant heat stress: effect on production and means of alleviation. J. Anim. Sci., 57: 1594-1600.]Search in Google Scholar
[Mortola J.P., Frappell P.B. (2000). Ventilatory responses to changes in temperature in mammals and other vertebrates. Ann. Rev. Physiol., 62: 847-874.]Search in Google Scholar
[Muller C.J.C., Botha J.A., Coetzer W.A., Smith W.A. (1994). Effect of shade on various parameters of Friesian cows ina Mediterranean climate in South Africa. 2. Physiological responses. South Afric. J. Anim. Sci., 24: 56-60.]Search in Google Scholar
[Nardone A., Ronchi B., Valentini A. (1991). Effects of solar radiation on water and food intake and weight gain in Sarda and Comisana female lambs. In: Animal husbandry in warm climates, Ronchi B., Nardone A., Boyazoglu J.G. (eds). EAAP Publication, Pudoc, 55: 149-150.]Search in Google Scholar
[Nardone A., Ronchi B., Lacetera N., Ranieri M.S., Bernabucci U. (2010). Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livest. Sci., 130: 57-69.]Search in Google Scholar
[Neuer A., Spandorfer S.D., Giraldo P., Dieterle S., Rosenwaks Z., Witkin S.S. (2000). The role of heat shock proteins in reproduction. Hum. Reprod. Update, 6: 149-159.]Search in Google Scholar
[Nikitchenko I.N., Plyaschenko S.I., Zenkov A.C. (1988). Stresses and productivity of farm animals. Urajai Publishing House, Minsk, 200 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[NRC (2007). Nutrient requirements of small ruminants, sheep, goats, cervids, and new world camelids. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 384 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ocak S., Darcan N., Cankaya S., Inal T.C. (2009). Physiological and biochemical responses in German fawn kids subjected to cooling treatments under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 33: 455-461.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ocfemia G.O., Sharun A., Miller H.M., Holmes J.H.G. (1993). Reduced foetal growth and actation by does heat-stressed from mid-pregnancy. Small Rumin. Res., 11: 33-43.]Search in Google Scholar
[Okoruwa M.I. (2014). Effect of heat stress on thermoregulatory, live body weight and physiological esponses of dwarf goats in southern Nigeria. Europ. Sci. J., 10: 255-264.]Search in Google Scholar
[Okoruwa M.I. (2015). Effect of coat characteristics on physiological traits and heat tolerance of West African Dwarf sheep in Southern Nigeria. Open J. Anim. Sci., 5: 351-357.]Search in Google Scholar
[Okoruwa M.I., Adewumi M.K., Igene F.U. (2013). Thermophysiological responses of West African dwarf (WAD) bucks fed Pennisetum purpureum and unripe plantain peels. Nig. J. Anim. Sci., 15: 168-178.]Search in Google Scholar
[Oladimeji B.S., Osinowo O.A., Alawa J.P., Hambolu J.O. (1996). Estimation of average values for pulse rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature and development ofaheat stress index for adult Yankasa sheep. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr., 44: 105-107.]Search in Google Scholar
[Onyewotu L.O.Z., Stigter C.J., Abdullahi A.M., Ariyo J.A., Oladipo E.O., Owonubi J.J. (2003). Reclamation of desertified farmlands and consequences for its farmers in semiarid northern Nigeria: Acase study of Yambawa rehabilitation scheme. Arid Land Res. Manage., 17:85-101.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ozawa M., Tabayashi D., Latief T.A., Shimizu T., Oshima I., Kanai Y. (2005). Alterations in follicular dynamics and steroidogenic abilities induced by heat stress during follicular recruitment in goats. Reprod., 129: 621-630.]Search in Google Scholar
[Park S.H., Lee S.J., Chung H.Y., Kim T.H., Cho C.K., Yoo S.Y., Lee Y.S. (2000). Inducible heat-shock protein 70 is involved in the radioadaptive response. Radiat Res., 153: 318-326.]Search in Google Scholar
[Parsell D.A., Lindquist S. (1993). The function of heat-shock proteins in stress tolerance: degradation and reactivation of damaged proteins. Annu. Rev. Genet., 27: 437-496.]Search in Google Scholar
[Petersen H.H., Nielsen J.P., Heegaard P.M. (2004). Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry. Vet. Res., 35: 163-187.]Search in Google Scholar
[Rana M.S., Hashem M.A., Akhter S., Habibullah M., Islam M.H., Biswas R.C. (2014). Effect of heat stress on carcass and meat quality of indigenous sheep of Bangladesh. Bang. J. Anim. Sci., 43: 147-153.]Search in Google Scholar
[Rhoads R.P., Baumgard L.H., Suagee J.K., Sanders S.R. (2013). Nutritional interventions to alleviate the negative consequences of heat stress. Adv. Nutr., 4: 267-276.]Search in Google Scholar
[Robertshaw D., Dmi'el R. (1983). The effect of dehydration on the control of panting and sweating in the black Bedouin goat. Physiol. Zool., 56: 412-418.]Search in Google Scholar
[Robinson N.E. (2002). Thermoregulation. In: Textbook of veterinary physiology, Cunningham J.G. (ed.). WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA., pp. 533-542.]Search in Google Scholar
[Ross T.T., Goode L., Linnerud A.C. (1985). Effects of high ambient temperature on respiration rate, rectal temperature, fetal development, and thyroid gland activity in tropical and temperature breeds of sheep. Theriogenology, 24: 259-269.]Search in Google Scholar
[Roti R.J.L. (2008). Cellular responses to hyperthermia (40-46ºC): cell killing and molecular events. Int. J. Hyperthermia, 24: 3-15.]Search in Google Scholar
[Salama A.A.K., Hamzaoui S., Caja G. (2012). Responses of dairy goats to heat stress and strategies to alleviate its effects. Proc. XI International Conference on Goats, Gran Canaria, Spain, 23-27.09.2012, p. 15.]Search in Google Scholar
[Salama A.A.K., Caja G., Hamzaoui S., Badaoui B., Castro - Costa A., Facanha D.A.E., Guilhermino M.M., Bozzi R. (2014). Different levels of response to heat stress in dairy goats. Small Rumin. Res., 121: 73-79.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sano H., Ambo K., Tsuda T. (1985). Blood glucose kinetics in whole body and mammary gland of lactating goats exposed to heat stress. J. Dairy Sci., 68: 2557-2564.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sanusi A.O., Peters S.O., Sonibare A.O., Ozojie M.O. (2010). Effects of coat color on heat stress among West African Dwarf sheep. Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 38: 28-36.]Search in Google Scholar
[Schaefer A.L., Jones S.D., Stanley R.W. (1997). The use of electrolyte solutions for reducing transport stress. J. Anim. Sci., 75: 258-265.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sejian V., Srivastava R.S. (2010). Effects of melatonin on adrenal cortical functions of Indian goats under thermal stress. Vet. Med. Int., doi: 10.4061/2010/348919.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sejian V., Hyder I., Malik P.K., Soren N.M., Mech A., Mishra A., Ravindra J.P. (2015). Strategies for alleviating abiotic stress in livestock. In: Livestock production and climate change, Malik P.K, Bhatta R., Takahashi J., Kohn R., Prasad C.S. (eds). CAB International, pp. 25-60.10.1079/9781780644325.0025]Search in Google Scholar
[Sevi A., Annicchiarico G., Albenzio M., Taibi L., Muscio A., Dell ’ Aquila S. (2001). Effects of solar radiation and feeding time on behavior, immune response and production of lactating ewes under high ambient temperature. J. Dairy Sci., 84: 629-640.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sevi A., Albenzio M., Annicchiarico G., Caroprese M., Marino R., Santillo A. (2006). Effects of dietary protein level on ewe milk yield and nitrogen utilization, and on air quality under different ventilation rates. J. Dairy Res., 73: 197-206.]Search in Google Scholar
[Shafie M.M., Murad H.M., El - Bedawy T.M., Salem S.M. (1994). Effect of heat stress on feed intake, rumen fermentation and water turnover in relation to heat tolerance response by sheep. Egyptian J. Anim. Prod., 31: 317-327.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sharma A.K., Kataria N. (2011). Effects of extreme hot climate on liver and serum enzymes in Marwari goat. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 81: 293-295.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sharma S., Ramesh K., Hyder I., Uniyal S., Yadav V.P., Panda R.P., Maurya V.P., Singh G., Kumar P., Mitra A., Sarkar M. (2013). Effect of melatonin administration on thyroid hormones, cortisol and expression profile of heat shock proteins in goats (Capra hircus) exposed to heat stress. Small Rumin. Res., 112: 216-223.]Search in Google Scholar
[Shebaita M.K., El - Banna I.M. (1982). Heat load and heat dissipation in sheep and goats under environmental heat stress. Proc. VI International Conference on Animal and Poultry Production, University of Zagazig, Zagazig, Egypt, 21-23.09.1982, pp. 459-469.]Search in Google Scholar
[Shilja S., Sejian V., Bagath M., Mech A., David C.G., Kurien E.K., Varma G., Bhatta R. (2015). Adaptive capability as indicated by behavioral and physiological responses, plasma HSP70 level, and PBMC HSP70 m RNAexpression in Osmanabadi goats subjected to combined (heat and nutritional) stressors. Int. J. Biometeorol., DOI 10.1007/s00484-015-1124-5.]Search in Google Scholar
[Silanikove N. (1987). Impact of shade in hot Mediterranean summer on feed intake, feed utilization and body fluid distribution in sheep. Appetite, 9: 207-215.]Search in Google Scholar
[Silanikove N. (1992). Effects of water scarcity and hot environment on appetite and digestion in ruminants:areview. Livest. Prod. Sci., 30: 175-194.]Search in Google Scholar
[Silanikove N. (2000 a). Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants. Livest. Prod. Sci., 67: 1-18.10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00162-7]Search in Google Scholar
[Silanikove N. (2000 b). The physiological basis of adaptation in goats to harsh environments. Small Rumin. Res., 35: 181-193.10.1016/S0921-4488(99)00096-6]Search in Google Scholar
[Silanikove N., Koluman N. (2015). Impact of climate change on the dairy industry in temperate zones: predications on the overall negative impact and on the positive role of dairy goats in adaptation to earth warming. Small Rumin. Res., 123: 27-34.]Search in Google Scholar
[Silanikove N., Leitner G., Merin U., Prosser C.G. (2010). Recent advances in exploiting goat’s milk: quality, safety and production aspects. Small Rumin. Res., 89: 110-124.]Search in Google Scholar
[Silanikove N., Leitner G., Merin U. (2015). The interrelationships between lactose intolerance and the modern dairy industry: global perspectives in evolutional and historical backgrounds. Nutrients, 7: 7312-7331.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sivakumar A.V.N., Singh G., Varshney V.P. (2010). Antioxidants supplementation on acid base balance during heat stress in goats. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 23: 1462-1468.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sordillo L.M., Contreras G.A., Aitken S.L. (2009). Metabolic factors affecting the inflammatory response of periparturient dairy cows. Anim. Health Res. Rev., 10: 53-63.]Search in Google Scholar
[Soto - Navarro S.A., Krehbiel C.R., Duff G.C., Galyean M.L., Brown M.S. Steiner R.L. (2000). Influence of feed intake fluctuation and frequency of feeding on nutrient digestion, digesta kinetics, and ruminal fermentation profiles in limit-fed steers. J. Anim. Sci., 78: 2215-2222.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sparke E.J., Young B.A., Gaughan J.B., Holt M., Goodwin P.J. (2001). Heat load in feedlot cattle. MLA Project FLOT. 307, 308, 309, Australia. Meat and Livestock Australia Limited, 34 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Srikandakumar A., Johnson E.H., Mahgoub O. (2003). Effect of heat stress on respiratory rate, rectal temperature and blood chemistry in Omani and Australian Merino sheep. Small Rumin. Res., 49: 193-198.]Search in Google Scholar
[St - Pierre , N.R., Cobanov B., Schnitkey G. (2003). Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. J. Dairy Sci. 86 (E-Suppl.): E52-E77.]Search in Google Scholar
[Stull C.L. (1997). Stress and dairy calves. University of California, Davis.]Search in Google Scholar
[Sunagawa K., Arikawa Y., Higashi M., Matsuda H., Takahashi H., Kuriwaki Z ., Kojiya Z., Uechi S., Hongo F. (2002). Direct effect ofahot environment on ruminal motility in sheep. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 6: 859-865.]Search in Google Scholar
[Taylor R.E. (1992). Adaptation to the environment. In: Scientific Farm Animal Production, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, pp. 326-332.]Search in Google Scholar
[Thornton P.K. (2010). Livestock production: Recent trends, future prospects. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B., 365: 2853-2867.]Search in Google Scholar
[Thwaites C.J. (1985). Physiological response and productivity in sheep. In: Stress physiology in livestock, Yousef M.K. (ed.). Vol. 1. Basic Principles. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 25-38.]Search in Google Scholar
[Turner J.C. (1979). Osmotic fragility of desert bighorn sheep red blood cells. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A., 64: 167-175.]Search in Google Scholar
[Van Dijk J., Sargison N.D., Kenyon F., Skuce P.J. (2010). Climate change and infectious disease: Helminthological challenges to farmed ruminants in temperate regions. Animals, 4: 377-392.]Search in Google Scholar
[Volloch V., Rits S. (1999). Anatural extracellular factor that induces Hsp72, inhibits apoptosis, and restores stress resistance in aged human cells. Exp. Cell. Res., 253: 483-492.]Search in Google Scholar
[West J.W. (1999). Nutritional strategies for managing the heat stressed dairy cow. J. Anim. Sci., 77:21-35.]Search in Google Scholar
[West J.W., Mullinix B.G., Sandifer T.G. (1991). Changing dietary electrolyte balance for dairy cows in cool and hot environments. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 1662-1674.]Search in Google Scholar
[Westerheide S.D, Morimoto R.I. (2005). Heat shock response modulators as therapeutic tools for diseases of protein conformation. J. Biol. Chem., 280: 33097-33100.]Search in Google Scholar
[Wojtas K., Cwynar P., Kołacz R. (2014). Effect of thermal stress on physiological and blood parameters in merino sheep. Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy, 58: 283-288.]Search in Google Scholar
[Wrotek S.E., Kozak W.E., Hess D.C., Fagan S.C. (2011). Treatment of fever after stroke: conflicting evidence. Pharmacotherapy, 31: 1085-1091.]Search in Google Scholar
[Zaytsev V.I., Sinev A.V., Ionov P.S., Vasilyev A.V., Sharabrin I.G. (1971). Clinical diagnostics of internal diseases of farm animals. Kolos Publishing House, Moscow, 336 pp.]Search in Google Scholar
[Zeder M. (2008). Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. PNAS, 105: 11597-11604.]Search in Google Scholar
