Open Access

T Helper Cells in the Immunopathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis – Current Trends


Cite

1. Varga, J. et D. Abraham. Systemic sclerosis: a prototypic multisystem fibrotic disorder. – J Clin Invest, 117, 2007, № 3, 557-67.10.1172/JCI31139Search in Google Scholar

2. Mayes M. et S. Assassi. Classification and epidemiology of scleroderma. – In: Rheumatology. 6th ed. Hochberg, M. C., A. J. Silman, J. S. Smolen, M. E. Weinblatt et M. H. Weisman (Ed.). Philadelphia, Mosby, ELSEVIER; 2015, 1153-1158.10.1016/B978-0-323-09138-1.00140-6Search in Google Scholar

3. Steen, V. D. Autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis. – Semin Arthritis Rheum, 35, 2005, N 1, 35-42.10.1016/j.semarthrit.2005.03.005Search in Google Scholar

4. Chan, H. L., Y. S. Lee, H. S. Hong, et al. Anticentromere antibodies (ACA): clinical distribution and disease specificity. – Clin Exp Dermatol, 19, 1994, № 4, 298-302.10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01199.xSearch in Google Scholar

5. Spencer-Green G., D. Alter at H. G. Welch. Test performance in systemic sclerosis: anti-centromere and anti-Scl-70 antibodies. – Am J Med, 103, 1997, № 3, 242-248.10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00023-5Search in Google Scholar

6. Mitri G. M., M. Lucas, N. Fertig, et al. A comparison between anti-Th/To- and anticentromere antibody-positive systemic sclerosis patients with limited cutaneous involvement. – Arthritis Rheum, 48, 2003, № 1, 203-209.10.1002/art.10760Search in Google Scholar

7. Tormey V. J., C. C. Bunn, C. P. Denton, et al. Anti-fibrillarin antibodies in systemic sclerosis. – Rheumatology (Oxford), 40, 2001, № 10, 1157-1162.10.1093/rheumatology/40.10.1157Search in Google Scholar

8. Fleischmajer R., J. S. Perlish et J. R. Reeves. Cellular infiltrates in scleroderma skin. – Arthritis Rheum, 20, 1977, № 4, 975-984.10.1002/art.1780200410Search in Google Scholar

9. Agarwal S. K., M. Wu, C. K. Livingston et al. Toll-like receptor 3 upregulation by type I interferon in healthy and scleroderma dermal fibroblasts. – Arthritis Research and Therapy, 13, 2011, № 1, R3.10.1186/ar3221Search in Google Scholar

10. Burt R. K., S. J. Shah, K. Dill K et al. Autologous non-myeloablative haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation compared with pulse cyclophosphamide once per month for systemic sclerosis (ASSIST): an open-label, randomised phase 2 trial. – Lancet, 378, 2011, № 9790, 498-506.10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60982-3Search in Google Scholar

11. Vonk M. C., Z. Marjanovic, F. H. van den Hoogen et al. Long-term follow-up results after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe systemic sclerosis. – Ann Rheum Dis, 67, 2008, № 1, 98-104.10.1136/ard.2007.071464Search in Google Scholar

12. Phelps R. G., C. Daian, S. Shibata et al. Induction of skin fibrosis and autoantibodies by infusion of immunocompetent cells from tight skin mice into C57BL/6 Pa/Pa mice. – J Autoimmun, 6, 1993, № 6, 701-718.10.1006/jaut.1993.1059Search in Google Scholar

13. Huaux F., T. Liu, B. McGarry B et al. Eosinophils and T lymphocytes possess distinct roles in bleomycin-induced lung injury and fibrosis. – J Immunol, 171, 2003, № 10, 5470-5481.10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5470Search in Google Scholar

14. Wilson M. S., S. K. Madala, T. R. Ramalingam et al. Bleomycin and IL-1beta-mediated pulmonary fibrosis is IL-17A dependent. – J Exp Med, 207, 2010, № 3, 535-552.10.1084/jem.20092121Search in Google Scholar

15. Avouac J., B. G. Fürnrohr, M. Tomcik M et al. Inactivation of the transcription factor STAT-4 prevents inflammation-driven fibrosis in animal models of systemic sclerosis. – Arthritis Rheum, 63, 2011, № 3, 800-9.10.1002/art.30171Search in Google Scholar

16. Chizzolini C., N. C. Brembilla, E. Montanari et al. Fibrosis and immune dysregulation in systemic sclerosis. – Autoimmun Rev, 10, 2011, № 5, 276-281.10.1016/j.autrev.2010.09.016Search in Google Scholar

17. Mosmann T.R., H. Cherwinski, M. W. Bond et al. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. – J Immunol, 136, 1986, № 7, 2348-2357.Search in Google Scholar

18. O’Garra A., L. Steinman et K. Gijbels. CD4+ T-cell subsets in autoimmunity. – Curr Opin Immunol, 9, 1997, № 6, 872-883.10.1016/S0952-7915(97)80192-6Search in Google Scholar

19. Rengarajan J., S. J. Szabo, L. H. Glimcher. Transcriptional regulation of Th1/Th2 polarization. – Immunol Today, 21, 2000, № 10, 479-483.10.1016/S0167-5699(00)01712-6Search in Google Scholar

20. Chung Y., S. H. Chang, G. J. Martinez et al. Critical regulation of early Th17 cell differentiation by interleukin-1 signaling. – Immunity, 30, 2009, № 4, 576-587.10.1016/j.immuni.2009.02.007270587119362022Search in Google Scholar

21. Chen W. J., W. Jin, N. Hardegen et al. Conversion of Peripheral CD4+CD25− Naive T Cells to CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells by TGF-β Induction of Transcription Factor Foxp3. – J Exp Med, 198, 2003, № 12, 1875-1886.10.1084/jem.20030152219414514676299Search in Google Scholar

22. Zheng S. G., J. Wang, P. Wang et al. IL-2 Is Essential for TGF-β to Convert Naive CD4+CD25− Cells to CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells and for Expansion of These Cells. – J Immunol, 178, 2007, № 4, 2018-2027.10.4049/jimmunol.178.4.2018Search in Google Scholar

23. Sato S., H. Hanakawa, M. Hasegawa et al. Levels of Interleukin 12, a Cytokine of Type 1 Helper T Cells, Are Elevated in Sera from Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. – J Rheumatol, 27, 2000, № 12, 2838-2842.Search in Google Scholar

24. Mavalia C., C. Scaletti, P. Romagnani et al. Type 2 helper T-cell predominance and high CD30 expression in systemic sclerosis. – Am J Pathol, 151, 1997, № 6, 1751-1758.Search in Google Scholar

25. Hasegawa M., M. Fujimoto, K. Kikuchi et K. Takehara. Elevated serum levels ofinterleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10, and IL-13 in patients with systemic sclerosis. – J Rheumatol, 24, 1997, 328-332.Search in Google Scholar

26. Barron L., T. A. Wynn. Fibrosis is regulated by Th2 and Th17 responses and by dynamic interactions between fibroblasts and macrophages. – Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 300, 2011, № 5, G723-728.10.1152/ajpgi.00414.2010Search in Google Scholar

27. Alonso M. N., M. T. Wong, A. L. Zhang et al. TH1, TH2, and TH17 cells instruct monocytes to differentiate into specialized dendritic cell subsets. – Blood, 118, 2011, № 12, 3311-3320.10.1182/blood-2011-03-341065Search in Google Scholar

28. Higashi-Kuwata N., T. Makino, Y. Inoue et al. Alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) in the skin of patient with localized scleroderma. – Exp Dermatol, 18, 2009, № 8, 727-729.10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00828.xSearch in Google Scholar

29. Granel B., C. Chevillard, A. Dessein. Interleukin 13 and interleukin 13 receptor involvement in systemic sclerosis. – Rev Med Interne, 28, 2007, № 9, 613-622.10.1016/j.revmed.2007.04.005Search in Google Scholar

30. Wurster A. L., V. L. Rodgers, A. R. Satoskar et al. Interleukin 21 Is a T Helper (Th) Cell 2 Cytokine that Specifically Inhibits the Differentiation of Naive Th Cells into Interferon γ–producing Th1 Cells. – J Exp Med, 196, 2002, № 7, 969-977.10.1084/jem.20020620Search in Google Scholar

31. Fossiez F., O. Djossou, P. Chomarat et al. T cell interleukin-17 induces stromal cells to produce proinflammatory and hematopoietic cytokines. – J Exp Med, 183, 1996, № 6, 2593-2603.10.1084/jem.183.6.2593Search in Google Scholar

32. Kurasawa K., K. Hirose, H. Sano et al. Increased interleukin-17 production in patients with systemic sclerosis. – Arthritis Rheum, 43, 2000, № 11, 2455-2463.10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2455::AID-ANR12>3.0.CO;2-KSearch in Google Scholar

33. Agarwal S. K., P. Gourh, S. Shete et al. Association of interleukin 23 receptor polymorphisms with anti-topoisomerase-I positivity and pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis. – J Rheumatol, 36, 2009, № 12, 2715-2723.10.3899/jrheum.090421Search in Google Scholar

34. Radstake T. R., L. van Bon, J. Broen et al. The pronounced Th17 profile in systemic sclerosis (SSc) together with intracellular expression of TGF beta and IFN gamma distinguishes SSc phenotypes. – PLoS One, 4, 2009, № 6, e5903.10.1371/journal.pone.0005903Search in Google Scholar

35. Duhen Th., R. Geiger, D. Jarrossay et al. Production of interleukin 22 but not interleukin 17 by a subset of human skin-homing memory T cells. – Nat Immunol, 10, 2009, № 8, 857-863.10.1038/ni.1767Search in Google Scholar

36. Nistala K., L. R. Wedderburn. Th17 and regulatory T cells: rebalancing pro- and anti-inflammatory forces in autoimmune arthritis. – Rheumatology, 48, 2009, № 6, 602-606.10.1093/rheumatology/kep028Search in Google Scholar

37. Valencia X., G. Stephens, R. Goldbach-Mansky et al. TNF downmodulates the function of human CD4+CD25hi T-regulatory cells. – Blood, 108, 2006, № 1, 253-261.10.1182/blood-2005-11-4567Search in Google Scholar

38. Klein S., C. C. Kretz, V. Ruland et al. Reduction of regulatory T cells in skin lesions but not in peripheral blood of patients with systemic scleroderma. – Ann Rheum Dis, 70, 2010, № 8, 1475-1481.10.1136/ard.2009.116525Search in Google Scholar

39. Slobodin G., M. S. Ahmad, I. Rosner et al. Regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25brightFoxP3+) expansion in systemic sclerosis correlates with disease activity and severity. – Cell Immunol, 261, 2010, № 2, 77-80.10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.12.009Search in Google Scholar

40. Radstake T. R. D. J., L. van Bon, J. Broen et al. Increased frequency and compromised function of T regulatory cells in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is related to a diminished CD69 and TGFb expression. – PloS, 4, ONE 2009, № 6, e5981.10.1371/journal.pone.0005981Search in Google Scholar

41. Parel Y., M. Aurrand-Lions, A. Scheja et al. Presence of CD4+ CD8+ double-positive T cells with very high interleukin-4 production potential in lesional skin of patients with systemic sclerosis. – Arthritis Rheum, 56, 2007, № 10, 3459-3467.10.1002/art.22927Search in Google Scholar

42. Atamas S. P., V. V. Yurovsky, R. Wise et al. Production of type 2 cytokines by CD8+ lung cells is associated with greater decline in pulmonary function in patients with systemic sclerosis. – Arthritis Rheum, 42, 1999, № 6, 1168-1178.10.1002/1529-0131(199906)42:6<1168::AID-ANR13>3.0.CO;2-LSearch in Google Scholar

43. Fuschiotti P., A. T. Larregina, J. Ho et al. IL-13-producing CD8+ T cells mediate dermal fibrosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. – Arthritis Rheum, 65, 2013, № 1, 236-246.10.1002/art.37706Search in Google Scholar

44. Baraut J., D. Farge, F. Jean-Louis. Cytokines in systemic sclerosis. – Pathol Biol (Paris), 60, 2012, № 2, 127-139.10.1016/j.patbio.2009.11.003Search in Google Scholar

45. Hasegawa M., M. Fujimoto, K. Kikuchi, K. Takehara. Elevated serum levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-10, and IL-13 in patients with systemic sclerosis. – J Rheumatol, 24, 1997, 328-332.10.1016/0923-1811(96)89424-2Search in Google Scholar

46. Hasegawa M., S. Sato, K. Takehara. Augmented production of chemokines(monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and MIP-1beta) in patients with systemic sclerosis: MCP-1and MIP-1alpha may be involved in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. – Clin Exp Immunol, 117, 1999, 159-165.10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00929.x190546410403930Search in Google Scholar

47. Scala E., S. Pallotta, A. Frezzolini et al. Cytokine and chemokine levels in systemic sclerosis: relationship with cutaneous and internal organ involvement. – Clin Exp Immunol, 138, 2004, 540-546.10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02642.x180923815544634Search in Google Scholar

48. Matsushita T., M. Fujimoto, M. Hasegawa et al. Elevated serum APRIL levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: distinct profiles ofsystemic sclerosis categorized by APRIL and BAFF. – J Rheumatol, 34, 2007, 2056-2062.Search in Google Scholar

49. Yanaba K., A. Yoshizaki, E. Muroi et al. Elevated circulating TWEAK levels in systemic sclerosis: association with lower frequency of pulmonary fibrosis. – J Rheumatol, 36, 2009, 1657-1662.10.3899/jrheum.08131019531747Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
0324-1750
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
4 times per year
Journal Subjects:
Medicine, Basic Medical Science, Immunology, Clinical Medicine, other