Problems of Cancer Treatment. Part I. Theory of Treatment Based on Known Mechanisms of Anticancer Immunological Responses

[1] Aerts JG, Hegmans JP. Tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells are crucial for efficacy of immunomodulatory antibodies in patients with lung cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73(8): 2381-2388.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-393223580578Search in Google Scholar

[2] Amarante-Mendes GP, Griffith TS. Therapeutic applications of TRAIL receptor agonists in cancer and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2015, 155: 117-31.10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.09.001495557226343199Search in Google Scholar

[3] Arvelo F, Sojo F, Cotte C. Biology of colorectal cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 2015; 9:520.10.3332/ecancer.2015.520440403925932044Search in Google Scholar

[4] Berman D, Korman A, Peck R, Feltquate D, Lonberg N, Canetta R. The development of immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies as a new therapeutic modality for cancer: the Bristol-Myers Squibb experience. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 148: 132-153.10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.01725476108Search in Google Scholar

[5] Bologna L, Gotti E, Da RF, Intermesoli T, Rambaldi A, Introna M et al. Ofatumumab is more efficient than rituximab in lysing B chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in whole blood and in combination with chemotherapy. J Immunol 2013; 190(1): 231-239.10.4049/jimmunol.120264523225880Search in Google Scholar

[6] Bologna L, Gotti E, Manganini M, Rambaldi A, Intermesoli T, Introna M et al. Mechanism of action of type II, glycoengineered, anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody GA101 in B-chronic lympho cytic leukemia whole blood assays in comparison with rituximab and alemtuzumab. J Immunol 2011; 186(6): 3762-3769.10.4049/jimmunol.100030321296976Search in Google Scholar

[7] Bolton-Gillespie E, Schemionek M, Klein HU, Flis S, Hoser G, Lange T et al. Genomic instability may originate from imatinib-refractory chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells. Blood 2013; 121(20): 4175-4183.10.1182/blood-2012-11-466938365645223543457Search in Google Scholar

[8] Brandhorst G, Petrova DT, Weigand S, Eberle C, von AN, Schmitz J et al. Lack of correlation between Treg quantification assays in inflammatory bowel disease patients. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(11): 3325-3329.10.3748/wjg.v21.i11.3325436376325805940Search in Google Scholar

[9] Burkholder B, Huang RY, Burgess R, Luo S, Jones VS, Zhang W et al. Tumor-induced perturbations of cytokines and immune cell networks. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1845(2): 182-201.10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.01.00424440852Search in Google Scholar

[10] Calpe E, Purroy N, Carpio C, Abrisqueta P, Carabia J, Palacio C et al. ZAP-70 promotes the infiltration of malignant B-lymphocytes into the bone marrow by enhancing signaling and migration after CXCR4 stimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8(12): e81221.10.1371/journal.pone.0081221384914524312539Search in Google Scholar

[11] Capelletto E, Novello S, Scagliotti GV. First-line therapeutic options for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in the molecular medicine era. Future Oncol 2014; 10(6): 1081-1093.10.2217/fon.13.24724941991Search in Google Scholar

[12] Caramalho I, Nunes-Cabaco H, Foxall RB, Sousa AE. Regulatory T-Cell Development in the Human Thymus. Front Immunol 2015; 6: 395.10.3389/fimmu.2015.00395452287326284077Search in Google Scholar

[13] Martins VC, Busch K, Juraeva D, Blum C, Ludwig C, Rasche V, Lasitschka F, Mastitsky SE, Brors B, Hielscher T, Fehling HJ, Rodewald HR. Cell competition is a tumour suppressor mechanism in the thymus. Nature. 2014 May22; 509(7501): 465-70.10.1038/nature1331724828041Search in Google Scholar

[14] Carbognin L, Pilotto S, Milella M, Vaccaro V, Brunelli M, Calio A et al. Differential Activity of Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab and MPDL3280A according to the Tumor Expression of Programmed Death-Ligand-1 (PD-L1): Sensitivity Analysis of Trials in Melanoma, Lung and Genitourinary Cancers. PLoS One 2015; 10(6) :e0130142.10.1371/journal.pone.0130142447278626086854Search in Google Scholar

[15] Catusse J, Leick M, Groch M, Clark DJ, Buchner MV, Zirlik K et al. Role of the atypical chemoattractant receptor CRAM in regulating CCL19 induced CCR7 responses in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mol Cancer 2010; 9: 297.10.1186/1476-4598-9-297299847921092185Search in Google Scholar

[16] Chen L, Flies DB. Molecular mechanisms of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13(4): 227-242.10.1038/nri3405378657423470321Search in Google Scholar

[17] Colussi D, Brandi G, Bazzoli F, Ricciardiello L. Molecular pathways involved in colorectal cancer: implications for disease behavior and prevention. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14(8): 16365-16385.10.3390/ijms140816365375991623965959Search in Google Scholar

[18] Crassini K, Mulligan SP, Best OG. Targeting chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in the tumor microenviroment: A review of the in vitro and clinical trials to date. World J Clin Cases 2015; 3(8): 694-704.10.12998/wjcc.v3.i8.694453940926301230Search in Google Scholar

[19] Dabrowska M, Grubek-Jaworska H, Hoser G, Domagala-Kulawik J, Krenke R, Chazan R. Effect of IFN-gamma stimulation on expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on alveolar macrophages in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26(3): 190-195.10.1089/jir.2006.26.19016542141Search in Google Scholar

[20] Danilov AV, Soderquist RS, Bates DJ, Eastman A. Toward a cure for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an attack on multiple fronts. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13(9): 1009-1012.10.1586/14737140.2013.825424391037724053199Search in Google Scholar

[21] Didkowska J, Manczuk M, McNeill A, Powles J, Zatonski W. Lung cancer mortality at ages 35-54 in the European Union: ecological study of evolving tobacco epidemics. BMJ 2005; 331(7510): 189-191.10.1136/bmj.331.7510.189117976116037450Search in Google Scholar

[22] Dillon PM, Olson WC, Czarkowski A, Petroni GR, Smolkin M, Grosh WW et al. A melanoma helper peptide vaccine increases Th1 cytokine production by leukocytes in peripheral blood and immunized lymph nodes. J Immunother Cancer 2014; 2: 23.10.1186/2051-1426-2-23413180325126421Search in Google Scholar

[23] Domagala-Kulawik J. Effects of cigarette smoke on the lung and systemic immunity. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 59 Suppl 6: 19-34.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Domagala-Kulawik J, Guzman J, Costabel U. Immune cells in bronchoalveolar lavage in peripheral lung cancer--analysis of 140 cases. Respiration 2003; 70(1): 43-48.10.1159/00006841412584390Search in Google Scholar

[25] Domagala-Kulawik J, Hoser G, Dabrowska M, Chazan R. Increased proportion of Fas positive CD8+ cells in peripheral blood of patients with COPD. Respir Med 2007; 101(6): 1338-1343.10.1016/j.rmed.2006.10.00417118637Search in Google Scholar

[26] Domagala-Kulawik J, Hoser G, Droszcz P, Kawiak J, Droszcz W, Chazan R. T-cell subtypes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in peripheral blood from patients with primary lung cancer. Diagn Cytopathol 2001; 25(4): 208-213.10.1002/dc.204011599102Search in Google Scholar

[27] Domagala-Kulawik J, Osinska I. (Immune alterations in lung cancer - the new therapeutic approach). Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2014; 82(3): 286-299.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Domagala-Kulawik J, Osinska I, Hoser G. Mechanisms of immune response regulation in lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2014; 3(1): 15-22.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Donnem T, Hald SM, Paulsen EE, Richardsen E, Al-Saad S, Kilvaer TK et al. Stromal CD8+ T-cell Density-A Promising Supplement to TNM Staging in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21(11): 2635-2643.10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-190525680376Search in Google Scholar

[30] Dummer CD, Carpio VN, Goncalves LF, Manfro RC, Veronese FV. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells: from suppression of rejection to induction of renal allograft tolerance. Transpl Immunol 2012; 26(1): 1-10.10.1016/j.trim.2011.08.00921939765Search in Google Scholar

[31] Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nat Immunol 2002; 3(11): 991-998.10.1038/ni1102-99112407406Search in Google Scholar

[32] ERS. European Lung White Book. ERS ed. 2014.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Fossati V, Kumar R, Snoeck HW. Progenitor cell origin plays a role in fate choices of mature B cells. J Immunol 2010; 184(3): 1251-1260.10.4049/jimmunol.0901922280981120038638Search in Google Scholar

[34] Franceschi C, Bonafe M, Valensin S, Olivieri F, De LM, Ottaviani E et al. Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 908: 244-254.10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x10911963Search in Google Scholar

[35] Frydecka I, Kosmaczewska A, Bocko D, Ciszak L, Wolowiec D, Kuliczkowski K et al. Alterations of the expression of T-cell-related costimulatory CD28 and downregulatory CD152 (CTLA-4) molecules in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2004; 90(10): 2042-2048.10.1038/sj.bjc.6601833240946615138491Search in Google Scholar

[36] Fulda S, Debatin KM. Extrinsic versus intrinsic apoptosis pathways in anticancer chemotherapy. Oncogene 2006; 25(34): 4798-4811.10.1038/sj.onc.120960816892092Search in Google Scholar

[37] Fulop T, Larbi A, Witkowski JM, McElhaney J, Loeb M, Mitnitski A et al. Aging, frailty and age-related diseases. Biogerontology 2010; 11(5): 547-563.10.1007/s10522-010-9287-220559726Search in Google Scholar

[38] Gameiro SR, Jammeh ML, Wattenberg MM, Tsang KY, Ferrone S, Hodge JW. Radiation-induced immunogenic modulation of tumor enhances antigen processing and calreticulin exposure, resulting in enhanced T-cell killing. Oncotarget 2014; 5(2): 403-416.10.18632/oncotarget.1719396421624480782Search in Google Scholar

[39] Gardner D, Jeffery LE, Sansom DM. Understanding the CD28/CTLA-4 (CD152) pathway and its implications for costimulatory blockade. Am J Transplant 2014; 14(9): 1985-1991.10.1111/ajt.1283425098238Search in Google Scholar

[40] Gialeli C, Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK. Roles of matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression and their pharmacological targeting. FEBS J 2011; 278(1): 16-27.10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07919.x21087457Search in Google Scholar

[41] Gounari M, Ntoufa S, Apollonio B, Papakonstantinou N, Ponzoni M, Chu CC et al. Excessive antigen reactivity may underlie the clinical aggressiveness of chronic lymphocytic leukemia stereotyped subset #8. Blood 2015; 125(23): 3580-3587.10.1182/blood-2014-09-603217445879825900981Search in Google Scholar

[42] Grabinska K, Pelak M, Wydmanski J, Tukiendorf A, d’Amico A. Pr ognost ic val ue and cl inical correlations of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism quantifiers in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21(19): 5901-5909.10.3748/wjg.v21.i19.5901443802426019454Search in Google Scholar

[43] Gryzik M, Grzywocz Z, Wasilewska D, Kawiak J, Stachowiak R, Bielecki J et al. Human lymphocytic B-leukemia cell line treatment with the bacterial toxin listeriolysin O and rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody): Effects of similar localization of their receptors. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 28(3): 329-340.10.1177/039463201559577826216910Search in Google Scholar

[44] Hanagiri T, Shigematsu Y, Shinohara S, Takenaka M, Oka S, Chikaishi Y et al. Clinical significance of the frequency of regulatory T cells in regional lymph node lymphocytes as a prognostic factor for non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2013; 81(3): 475-479.10.1016/j.lungcan.2013.07.00123891508Search in Google Scholar

[45] Harder T, Guttek K, Philipsen L, Simeoni L, Schraven B, Reinhold D. Selective targeting of transforming growth factor-beta1 into TCR/CD28 signalling plasma membrane domains silences T cell activation. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12: 74.10.1186/s12964-014-0074-6Search in Google Scholar

[46] Hassan SB, Sorensen JF, Olsen BN, Pedersen AE. Anti-CD40-mediated cancer immunotherapy: an update of recent and ongoing clinical trials. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 36(2): 96-104.10.3109/08923973.2014.890626Search in Google Scholar

[47] Hodi FS, O’Day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2010; 363(8): 711-723.10.1056/NEJMoa1003466Search in Google Scholar

[48] Hoser G, Domagala-Kulaw ik J, Droszcz P, Droszcz W, Kawiak J. Lymphocyte subsets differences in smokers and nonsmokers with primary lung cancer: a flow cytometry analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9(8): BR310-BR315.Search in Google Scholar

[49] Hoser G, Kawiak J. A trypsin inhibitor isolated from lymphatic leukemia cells. Biomed Biochim Acta 1986; 45(9): 1127-1133.Search in Google Scholar

[50] Hoser G, Kawiak J, Domagala-Kulawik J, Kopinski P, Droszcz W. Flow cytometric evaluation of lymphocyte subpopulations in BALF of healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 1999; 37(1): 25-30.Search in Google Scholar

[51] Hoser G, Majsterek I, Romana DL, Slupianek A, Blasiak J, Skorski T. Fusion oncogenic t yr osine kinases alter DNA damage and repair after genotoxic treatment: role in drug resistance? Leuk Res 2003; 27(3): 267-273.10.1016/S0145-2126(02)00163-7Search in Google Scholar

[52] Hoser G, Wasilewska D, Domagala-Kulawik J. Expression of Fas receptor on peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2004; 42(4): 249-252.Search in Google Scholar

[53] Howington JA, Blum MG, Chang AC, Balekian AA, Murthy SC. Treatment of stage I and II nonsmall cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013; 143(5 Suppl): e278S-e313S.10.1378/chest.12-235923649443Search in Google Scholar

[54] Huang G, Nishimoto K, Yang Y, Kleinerman ES. Part icipat ion of t he Fas/FasL signal ing pat hway and the lung microenvironment in the development of osteosarcoma lung metastases. Adv Exp Med Biol 2014; 804: 203-217.10.1007/978-3-319-04843-7_1124924176Search in Google Scholar

[55] Hus I, Kawiak J, Hoser G, Tabarkiewicz J, Radej S, Dmoszynska A et al. SCID mice model in vivo evaluation of autologous and allogeneic dendritic cells activity on B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2009; 47(4): 563-570.Search in Google Scholar

[56] Hus I, Schmitt M, Tabarkiewicz J, Radej S, Wojas K, Bojarska-Junak A et al. Vaccination of B-CLL patients with autologous dendritic cells can change the frequency of leukemia antigen-specific CD8+ T cells as well as CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells toward an antileukemia response. Leukemia 2008; 22(5): 1007-1017.10.1038/leu.2008.2918323802Search in Google Scholar

[57] Hutchinson RA, Adams RA, McArt DG, Salto-Tellez M, Jasani B, Hamilton PW. Epidermal growth factor receptor immunohistochemistry: new opportunities in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2015; 13: 217.10.1186/s12967-015-0531-z449207626149458Search in Google Scholar

[58] Jett JR, Schild SE, Kesler KA, Kalemkerian GP. Tr eatment of small cell lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013; 143(5 Suppl): e400S-e419S.10.1378/chest.12-236323649448Search in Google Scholar

[59] Jewett A, Tseng HC. Tumor induced inactivation of natural killer cell cytotoxic function; implication in growth, expansion and differentiation of cancer stem cells. J Cancer 2011; 2:443-457.10.7150/jca.2.443315702121850212Search in Google Scholar

[60] Kalia M. Biomarkers for personalized oncology: recent advances and future challenges. Metabolism 2015; 64(3 Suppl 1): S16-S21.10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.02725468140Search in Google Scholar

[61] Karanikas V, Speletas M, Zamanakou M, Kalala F, Loules G, Kerenidi T et al. Foxp3 expression in human cancer cells. J Transl Med 2008; 6: 19.10.1186/1479-5876-6-19238644718430198Search in Google Scholar

[62] Kasprzyk M, Slawinski G, Musik M, Marciniak L, Dyszkiewicz W, Piwkowski C et al. Completion pneumonectomy and chemoradiotherapy as treatment options in local recurrence of non-small-cell lung cancer. Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol 2015; 12(1): 18-25.10.5114/kitp.2015.50563452050626336473Search in Google Scholar

[63] Kawalec M, Skorski T, Hoser G. Immunogenicity of cyclophosphamide-treated tumor cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz ) 1988; 36(3): 345-350.Search in Google Scholar

[64] Kawiak J, Hoser G, Malendowicz LK, Miks B, Skurzak H. Thymocyte and splenocyte subpopulations in normal and leukemia-bearing mice after adrenalectomy. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 1996; 34(2): 75-78.Search in Google Scholar

[65] Kawiak J, Hoser G, Miks B, Pojda Z, Sobiczewska A, Machaj E et al. Populations of thymocytes and peripheral blood leucocytes in leukaemia-bearing mice treated with G-CSF. Immunol Cell Biol 1996; 74(2): 163-166.10.1038/icb.1996.228724004Search in Google Scholar

[66] Kawiak J, Hoser G, Skorski T. Apoptosis and some of its medical implications. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 1998; 36(3): 99-110.Search in Google Scholar

[67] Kawiak J, Kawalec M. Leukemia L 1210 cells induce depletion of Lyt 2+ thymocytes. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 1990; 28(1-2): 15-17.Search in Google Scholar

[68] Kawiak J, Kawalec M, Hoser G, Miks B, Skorski T, Pojda Z et al. Changes of t hymocyt e subpopulations induced by activities diffusing from leukemia L1210 cells. Thymus 1991; 18(3):185-192.Search in Google Scholar

[69] Kessenbrock K, Plaks V, Werb Z. Matrix metalloproteinases: regulators of the tumor microenvironment. Cell 2010; 141(1): 52-67.10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.015286205720371345Search in Google Scholar

[70] Kim TH, Leslie P, Zhang Y. Ribosomal proteins as unrevealed caretakers for cellular stress and genomic instability. Oncotarget 2014; 5(4): 860-871.10.18632/oncotarget.1784401158824658219Search in Google Scholar

[71] Kosmaczewska A, Bocko D, Ciszak L, Wlodarska-Polinska I, Kornafel J, Szteblich A et al. Dysregulated expression of both the costimulatory CD28 and inhibitory CTLA-4 molecules in PB T cells of advanced cervical cancer patients suggests systemic immunosuppression related to disease progression. Pathol Oncol Res 2012; 18(2): 479-489.10.1007/s12253-011-9471-y331303122094905Search in Google Scholar

[72] Kovacsovics-Bankowski M, Chisholm L, Vercellini J, Tucker CG, Montler R, Haley D et al. Detailed characterization of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in two distinct human solid malignancies show phenotypic similarities. J Immunother Cancer 2014; 2(1): 38.10.1186/s40425-014-0038-9424767925436113Search in Google Scholar

[73] Krummel MF, Allison JP. Pillars article: CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation. The journal of experimental medicine. 1995. 182: 459-465. J Immunol 2011; 187(7): 3459-3465.Search in Google Scholar

[74] Krysko DV, Agostinis P, Krysko O, Garg AD, Bachert C, Lambrecht BN et al. Emerging role of damage-associated molecular patterns derived from mitochondria in inflammation. Trends Immunol 2011; 32(4): 157-164.10.1016/j.it.2011.01.00521334975Search in Google Scholar

[75] Kyi C, Postow MA. Checkpoint blocking antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. FEBS Lett 2014; 588(2): 368-376.10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.01524161671Search in Google Scholar

[76] Leick M, Catusse J, Follo M, Nibbs RJ, Hartmann TN, Veelken H et al. CCL19 is a specific ligand of the constitutively recycling atypical human chemokine receptor CRAM-B. Immunology 2010; 129(4): 536-546.10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03209.xSearch in Google Scholar

[77] Lin X, Chen M, Liu Y, Guo Z, He X, Brand D et al. Advances in distinguishing natural from induced Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6(2): 116-123.Search in Google Scholar

[78] Lindeman NI, Cagle PT, Beasley MB, Chitale DA, Dacic S, Giaccone G et al. Molecular testing guideline for selection of lung cancer patients for EGFR and ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors: guideline from the College of American Pathologists, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and Association for Molecular Pathology. J Thorac Oncol 2013; 8(7): 823-859.10.1097/JTO.0b013e318290868fSearch in Google Scholar

[79] Liu J, Fukunaga-Kalabis M, Li L, Herlyn M. Developmental pathways activated in melanocytes and melanoma. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563: 13-21.10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.023Search in Google Scholar

[80] Liu L, Ge D, Ma L, Mei J, Liu S, Zhang Q et al. Interleukin-17 and prostaglandin E2 are involved in formation of an M2 macrophage-dominant microenvironment in lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7(7): 1091-1100.10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182542752Search in Google Scholar

[81] Lugowska I, Kowalska M, Fuksiewicz M, Kotowicz B, Mierzejewska E, Kosela-Paterczyk H et al. Serum markers in early-stage and locally advanced melanoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36(11): 8277-85.10.1007/s13277-015-3564-2Search in Google Scholar

[82] Ma J, Liu L, Che G, Yu N, Dai F, You Z. The M1 form of tumor-associated macrophages in non-small cell lung cancer is positively associated with survival time. BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 112.10.1186/1471-2407-10-112Search in Google Scholar

[83] Majsterek I, Blasiak J, Mlynarski W, Hoser G, Skorski T. Does the bcr/abl-mediated increase in the efficacy of DNA repair play a role in the drug resistance of cancer cells? Cell Biol Int 2002; 26(4): 363-370.10.1006/cbir.2002.0865Search in Google Scholar

[84] Majsterek I, Slupianek A, Hoser G, Skorski T, Blasiak J. ABL-fusion oncoproteins activate multi- pathway of DNA repair: role in drug resistance? Biochimie 2004; 86(1): 53-65.10.1016/j.biochi.2003.10.008Search in Google Scholar

[85] Mantovani A, Sozzani S, Locati M, Allavena P, Sica A. Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol 2002; 23(11): 549-555.10.1016/S1471-4906(02)02302-5Search in Google Scholar

[86] McCaig AM, Cosimo E, Leach MT, Michie AM. Dasatinib inhibits CXCR4 signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells and impairs migration towards CXCL12. PLoS One 2012; 7(11): e48929.10.1371/journal.pone.0048929348783423133664Search in Google Scholar

[87] McCarthy BA, Boyle E, Wang XP, Guzowski D, Paul S, Catera R et al. Surface expression of Bcl-2 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other B-cell leukemias and lymphomas without a breakpoint t(14;18). Mol Med 2008; 14(9-10): 618-627.10.2119/2008.00061.McCarthySearch in Google Scholar

[88] McDonnell AM, Lesterhuis WJ, Khong A, Nowak AK, Lake RA, Currie AJ et al. Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells exhibit defective cross-presentation of tumor antigens, but is reversed by chemotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45(1): 49-59.10.1002/eji.201444722Search in Google Scholar

[89] Mellstedt H, Vansteenkiste J, Thatcher N. Vaccines for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: investigational approaches and clinical experience. Lung Cancer 2011; 73(1): 11-17.10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.02.023Search in Google Scholar

[90] Mellstedt H, Vansteenkiste J, Thatcher N. Vaccines for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: investigational approaches and clinical experience. Lung Cancer 2011; 73(1): 11-17.10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.02.023Search in Google Scholar

[91] Milpied P, Nadel B, Roulland S. Pr emalignant cell dynamics in indolent B-cell malignancies. Curr Opin Hematol 2015; 22(4): 388-396.10.1097/MOH.0000000000000159Search in Google Scholar

[92] Mimura K, Shiraishi K, Mueller A, Izawa S, Kua LF, So J et al. The MAPK pathway is a predominant regulator of HLA-A expression in esophageal and gastric cancer. J Immunol 2013; 191(12): 6261-6272.10.4049/jimmunol.1301597Search in Google Scholar

[93] Mintern JD, Macri C, Chin WJ, Panozza SE, Segura E, Patterson NL et al. Differential use of autophagy by primary dendritic cells specialized in cross-presentation. Autophagy 2015; 11(6): 906-917.10.1080/15548627.2015.1045178Search in Google Scholar

[94] Mlnarczuk I, Mroz P, Hoser G, Nowis D, Bialy LP, Ziemba H et al. AAF-cmk sensitizes tumor cells to trail-mediated apoptosis. Leuk Res 2004; 28(1): 53-61.10.1016/S0145-2126(03)00122-XSearch in Google Scholar

[95] Murdoch C, Giannoudis A, Lewis CE. Mechanisms regulating the recruitment of macrophages into hypoxic areas of tumors and other ischemic tissues. Blood 2004; 104(8): 2224-2234.10.1182/blood-2004-03-110915231578Search in Google Scholar

[96] Nagasawa T. CXCL12/SDF-1 and CXCR4. Front Immunol 2015; 6:301.10.3389/fimmu.2015.00301446425926124757Search in Google Scholar

[97] Nazzal D, Gradolatto A, Truffault F, Bismuth J, Berrih-Aknin S. Human thymus medullary epithelial cells promote regulatory T-cell generation by stimulating interleukin-2 production via ICOS ligand. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5: e1420.10.1038/cddis.2014.377454020525210803Search in Google Scholar

[98] Nieborowska-Skorska M, Bialek AP, Nicolaides NC, Iozzo RV , Kawalec M, Calabretta B et al. The influence of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides on various organs in vivo. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 1996; 34(2): 69-73.Search in Google Scholar

[99] Nieborowska-Skorska M, Hoser G, Kossev P, Wasik MA, Skorski T. Complementary functions of the antiapoptotic protein A1 and serine/threonine kinase pim-1 in the BCR/ABL-mediated leukemogenesis. Blood 2002; 99(12): 4531-4539.10.1182/blood.V99.12.453112036885Search in Google Scholar

[100] Nieborowska-Skorska M, Kopinski PK, Ray R, Hoser G, Ngaba D, Flis S et al. Rac2-MRC-cIII- generated ROS cause genomic instability in chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells and primitive progenitors. Blood 2012; 119(18): 4253-4263.10.1182/blood-2011-10-385658335974122411871Search in Google Scholar

[101] Owen CJ, Stewart DA. Obinutuzumab for the treatment of patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: overview and perspective. Ther Adv Hematol 2015; 6(4): 161-170.10.1177/2040620715586528453037026288711Search in Google Scholar

[102] Palucka K, Banchereau J. Cancer immunotherapy via dendritic cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12(4): 265-277.10.1038/nrc3258343380222437871Search in Google Scholar

[103] Palucka K, Banchereau J. Dendritic-cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines. Immunity 2013; 39(1): 38-48.10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.004378867823890062Search in Google Scholar

[104] Petersen RP, Campa MJ, Sperlazza J, Conlon D, Joshi MB, Harpole DH, Jr. et al. Tumor infiltrating Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells are associated with recurrence in pathologic stage I NSCLC patients. Cancer 2006; 107(12): 2866-2872.10.1002/cncr.2228217099880Search in Google Scholar

[105] Pizzurro GA, Tapia IJ, Sganga L, Podhajcer OL, Mordoh J, Barrio MM. Cyt okine-enhanced mat - uration and migration to the lymph nodes of a human dying melanoma cell-loaded dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64(11): 1393-1406.10.1007/s00262-015-1743-z26197849Search in Google Scholar

[106] Popovic R, Shah MY, Licht JD. Epigenetic therapy of hematological malignancies: where are we now? Ther Adv Hematol 2013; 4(2): 81-91.10.1177/2040620712466864362975323610616Search in Google Scholar

[107] Quante M, Tu SP, Tomita H, Gonda T, Wang SS, Takashi S et al. Bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts contribute to the mesenchymal stem cell niche and promote tumor growth. Cancer Cell 2011; 19(2): 257-272.10.1016/j.ccr.2011.01.020306040121316604Search in Google Scholar

[108] Quatromoni JG, Suzuki E, Okusanya O, Judy BF, Bhojnagarwala P, Venegas O et al. The timing of TGF-beta inhibition affects the generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. BMC Immunol 2013; 14: 30.10.1186/1471-2172-14-30372516423865808Search in Google Scholar

[109] Radej S, Rolinski J, Rawicz-Pruszynski K, Bury P, Borowski G, Furmaga J et al. Immunomodelling Characteristics of Mature Dendritic Cells Stimulated by Colon Cancer Cells Lysates. Pol Przegl Chir 2015; 87(2): 71-82.10.1515/pjs-2015-002226146098Search in Google Scholar

[110] Radojcic V, Bezak KB, Skarica M, Pletneva MA, Yoshimura K, Schulick RD et al. Cyclophosphamide resets dendritic cell homeostasis and enhances antitumor immunity through effects that extend beyond regulatory T cell elimination. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59(1): 137-148.10.1007/s00262-009-0734-3310386719590872Search in Google Scholar

[111] Ren YR, Jin YD, Zhang ZH, Li L, Wu P. Rituximab treatment strategy for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after first-line therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chin Med J (Engl ) 2015; 128(3): 378-383.10.4103/0366-6999.150111483787025635435Search in Google Scholar

[112] Rivenbark AG, Stolzenburg S, Beltran AS, Yuan X, Rots MG, Strahl BD et al. Epigenetic reprogramming of cancer cells via targeted DNA methylation. Epigenetics 2012; 7(4): 350-360.10.4161/epi.19507336881922419067Search in Google Scholar

[113] Robak P, Smolewski P, Robak T. Emerging immunological drugs for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2015; 20(3): 423-447.10.1517/14728214.2015.104643226153226Search in Google Scholar

[114] Rycaj K, Tang DG. Cell-of-Origin of Cancer versus Cancer Stem Cells: Assays and Interpretations. Cancer Res 2015; 75(19): 4003-4011.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-0798475664526292361Search in Google Scholar

[115] Sabbatini P, Tsuji T, Ferran L, Ritter E, Sedrak C, Tuballes K et al. Phase I trial of overlapping long peptides from a tumor self-antigen and poly-ICLC shows rapid induction of integrated immune response in ovarian cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18(23): 6497-6508.10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-218923032745Search in Google Scholar

[116] Salmon H, Franciszkiewicz K, Damotte D, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Validire P, Trautmann A et al. Matrix architecture defines the preferential localization and migration of T cells into the stroma of human lung tumors. J Clin Invest 2012; 122(3): 899-910.10.1172/JCI45817328721322293174Search in Google Scholar

[117] Sanmamed MF, Pastor F, Rodriguez A, Perez-Gracia JL, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Jure-Kunkel M et al. Agonists of Co-stimulation in Cancer Immunotherapy Directed Against CD137, OX40, GITR, CD27, CD28, and ICOS. Semin Oncol 2015; 42(4): 640-655.10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.05.01426320067Search in Google Scholar

[118] Schmitt EG, Williams CB. Generation and function of induced regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4: 152.Search in Google Scholar

[119] Schneider H, Rudd CE. Diverse mechanisms regulate the surface expression of immunotherapeutic target ctla-4. Front Immunol 2014; 5: 619.10.3389/fimmu.2014.00619425548425538704Search in Google Scholar

[120] Shekarian T, Valsesia-Wittmann S, Caux C, Marabelle A. Paradigm shift in oncology: targeting the immune system rather than cancer cells. Mutagenesis 2015; 30(2): 205-211.10.1093/mutage/geu07325688113Search in Google Scholar

[121] Shen X, Zheng JY, Shi H, Zhang Z, Wang WZ. Survivin knockdown enhances gastric cancer cell sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy in vitro and in nude mice. Am J Med Sci 2012; 344(1): 52-58.10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318239c4ee22261621Search in Google Scholar

[122] Shibata T. Current and future molecular profiling of cancer by next-generation sequencing. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2015; 45(10): 895-899.10.1093/jjco/hyv12226292697Search in Google Scholar

[123] Skirecki T, Hoser G, Kawiak J, Dziedzic D, Domagala-Kulawik J. Flow cytometric analysis of C. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz ) 2014; 62(1): 67-75.10.1007/s00005-013-0250-1389853823959111Search in Google Scholar

[124] Skorski T, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Wlodarski P, Perrotti D, Hoser G, Kawiak J et al. Treatment of Philadelphia leukemia in severe combined immunodeficient mice by combination of cyclophosphamide and bcr/abl antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89(2): 124-133.10.1093/jnci/89.2.1248998181Search in Google Scholar

[125] Slupianek A, Hoser G, Majsterek I, Bronisz A, Malecki M, Blasiak J et al. Fusion tyrosine kinases induce drug resistance by stimulation of homology-dependent recombination repair, prolongation of G(2)/M phase, and protection from apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22(12): 4189-4201.10.1128/MCB.22.12.4189-4201.200213385412024032Search in Google Scholar

[126] Smeets RL, Fleuren WW, He X, Vink PM, Wijnands F, Gorecka M et al. Molecular pathway profiling of T lymphocyte signal transduction pathways; Th1 and Th2 genomic fingerprints are defined by TCR and CD28-mediated signaling. BMC Immunol 2012; 13: 12.10.1186/1471-2172-13-12335502722413885Search in Google Scholar

[127] Smigielski J, Piskorz L, Talar-Wojnarowska R, Malecka-Panas E, Jablonski S, Brocki M. The estimation of metaloproteinases and their inhibitors blood levels in patients with pancreatic tumors. World J Surg Oncol 2013; 11: 137.10.1186/1477-7819-11-137370156423768069Search in Google Scholar

[128] Smolej L. Targeted treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical potential of obinutuzumab. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2015; 8: 1-7.Search in Google Scholar

[129] Spranger S, Spaapen RM, Zha Y, Williams J, Meng Y, Ha TT et al. Up-regulation of PD-L1, IDO, and T(regs) in the melanoma tumor microenvironment is driven by CD8(+) T cells. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5(200): 200ra116.10.1126/scitranslmed.3006504413670723986400Search in Google Scholar

[130] Srivastava MK, Andersson A, Zhu L, Harris-White M, Lee JM, Dubinett S et al. Myeloid suppressor cells and immune modulation in lung cancer. Immunotherapy 2012; 4(3): 291-304.10.2217/imt.11.178Search in Google Scholar

[131] Srivastava MK, Dubinett S, Sharma S. Targeting MDSCs enhance therapeutic vaccination responses against lung cancer. Oncoimmunology 2012; 1(9):1650-1651.10.4161/onci.21970Search in Google Scholar

[132] Srivastava MK, Zhu L, Harris-White M, Kar UK, Huang M, Johnson MF et al. Myeloid suppressor cell depletion augments antitumor activity in lung cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7(7): e40677.10.1371/journal.pone.0040677Search in Google Scholar

[133] Stachowiak R, Lyzniak M, Grabowska M, Roeske K, Jagielski T, Bielecki J et al. Cytotoxicity of purified listeriolysin O on mouse and human leukocytes and leukaemia cells. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14: 77.10.1186/1472-6750-14-77Search in Google Scholar

[134] Sundar R, Soong R, Cho BC, Brahmer JR, Soo RA. Immunotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2014; 85(2): 101-109.10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.05.005Search in Google Scholar

[135] Tanaka T, Okuya K, Kutomi G, Takaya A, Kajiwara T, Kanaseki T et al. Heat shock protein 90 targets a chaperoned peptide to the static early endosome for efficient cross-presentation by human dendritic cells. Cancer Sci 2015; 106(1): 18-24.10.1111/cas.12570Search in Google Scholar

[136] Tang DG. Understanding cancer stem cell heterogeneity and plasticity. Cell Res 2012; 22(3): 457-472.10.1038/cr.2012.13Search in Google Scholar

[137] Tao H, Mimura Y, Aoe K, Kobayashi S, Yamamoto H, Matsuda E et al. Prognostic potential of FOXP3 expression in non-small cell lung cancer cells combined with tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells. Lung Cancer 2012; 75(1): 95-101.10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.06.002Search in Google Scholar

[138] Tartour E, Zitvogel L. Lung cancer: potential targets for immunotherapy. Lancet Respir Med 2013; 1(7): 551-563.10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70159-0Search in Google Scholar

[139] Taube JM, Anders RA, Young GD, Xu H, Sharma R, McMiller TL et al. Colocalization of inflammatory response with B7-h1 expression in human melanocytic lesions supports an adaptive resistance mechanism of immune escape. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4(127): 127ra37.10.1126/scitranslmed.3003689356852322461641Search in Google Scholar

[140] Ten Hacken E, Burger JA. Microenvironment interactions and B-cell receptor signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Implications for disease pathogenesis and treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1863(3): 401-13.10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.009471599926193078Search in Google Scholar

[141] Teo EC, Chew Y, Phipps C. A review of monoclonal antibody therapies in lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 97: 72-84.10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.01426318093Search in Google Scholar

[142] Tran Janco JM, Lamichhane P, Karya mpudi L, Knutson KL. Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells in cancer pathogenesis. J Immunol 2015; 194(7): 2985-2991.10.4049/jimmunol.1403134436976825795789Search in Google Scholar

[143] Traves PG, Luque A, Hortelano S. Macrophages, inflammation, and tumor suppressors: ARF, a new player in the game. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012: 568783.10.1155/2012/568783353838223316105Search in Google Scholar

[144] Urso L, Calabrese F, Favaretto A, Conte P, Pasello G. Critical review about MDM2 in cancer: Possible role in malignant mesothelioma and implications for treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016;97: 220-30.10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.01926358421Search in Google Scholar

[145] Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Eggermont A, Galon J, Sautes-Fridman C, Cremer I et al. Tr ial Watch: Chemotherapy with immunogenic cell death inducers. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3(1):e27878.10.4161/onci.27878400847024800173Search in Google Scholar

[146] Vardi A, Agathangelidis A, Stalika E, Karypidou M, Siorenta A, Anagnostopoulos A et al. Ant igen Selection Shapes the T-cell Repertoire in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22(1): 167-74.10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-301726338994Search in Google Scholar

[147] Wade M, Li YC, Wahl GM. MDM2, MDMX and p53 in oncogenesis and cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13(2) :83-96.10.1038/nrc3430416136923303139Search in Google Scholar

[148] Walker LS, Sansom DM. Confusing signals: recent progress in CTLA-4 biology. Trends Immunol 2015; 36(2): 63-70.10.1016/j.it.2014.12.001432315325582039Search in Google Scholar

[149] Wei S, Wang H, Lu C, Malmut S, Zhang J, Ren S et al. The activating transcription factor 3 protein suppresses the oncogenic function of mutant p53 proteins. J Biol Chem 2014; 289(13): 8947-8959.10.1074/jbc.M113.503755397940924554706Search in Google Scholar

[150] Wlodarski P, Wasik M, Ratajczak MZ, Sevignani C, Hoser G, Kawiak J et al. Role of p53 in hematopoietic recovery after cytotoxic treatment. Blood 1998; 91(8): 2998-3006.10.1182/blood.V91.8.2998.2998_2998_3006Search in Google Scholar

[151] Wlodkowic D, Skommer J, Darzynkiewicz Z. Cytometry of apoptosis. Historical perspective and new advances. Exp Oncol 2012; 34(3): 255-262.Search in Google Scholar

[152] Yan W, Herman JG, Guo M. Epigenome-based personalized medicine in human cancer. Epigenomics 2016; 8(1): 119-33.10.2217/epi.15.8426344672Search in Google Scholar

[153] Yao S, Zhu Y, Chen L. Advances in targeting cell surface signalling molecules for immune modulation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12(2): 130-146.10.1038/nrd3877369857123370250Search in Google Scholar

[154] Yonezawa S, Higashi M, Yamada N, Yokoyama S, Kitamoto S, Kitajima S et al. Mucins in human neoplasms: clinical pathology, gene expression and diagnostic application. Pathol Int 2011; 61(12): 697-716.10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02734.x22126377Search in Google Scholar

[155] Zanardelli M, Micheli L, Nicolai R, Failli P, Ghelardini C, Di Cesare ML. Different apoptotic pathways activated by oxaliplatin in primary astrocytes vs. colo-rectal cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16(3): 5386-5399.10.3390/ijms16035386439448225761243Search in Google Scholar

[156] Zolnierowicz J, Ambrozek-Latecka M, Kawiak J, Wasilewska D, Hoser G. Monitoring cell proliferation in vitro with different cellular fluorescent dyes. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2013; 51(3): 193-200.10.5603/FHC.2013.002724203624Search in Google Scholar

[157] Zou Q, Wu B, Xue J, Fan X, Feng C, Geng S et al. CD8+ Treg cells suppress CD8+ T cell-responses by IL-10-dependent mechanism during H5N1 influenza virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44(1): 103-114.10.1002/eji.201343583416527624114149Search in Google Scholar