Risk factors for Opisthorchis viverrini infection in Nakhon Phanom, Thailand, where the infection is highly endemic
, and | Dec 31, 2018
About this article
Article Category: Brief communication (original)
Published Online: Dec 31, 2018
Page range: 45 - 51
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/abm-2018-0030
Keywords
© 2018 Songkran Nakbun et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Personal and community information regarding knowledge, attitude, and practice associated with Opisthorchis viverrini infection: univariate analysis
| Factors | Noninfected (n = 59) | % | Infected (n = 75) | % | OR crude | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 21 | 36 | 31 | 41 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Female | 38 | 64 | 44 | 59 | 0.50 | 0.78 | 0.39 | 1.59 |
| Age, years | ||||||||
| 15–24 | 8 | 14 | 4 | 5 | – | 1 | – | – |
| 25–34 | 8 | 14 | 5 | 7 | 0.79 | 1.25 | 0.24 | 6.44 |
| 35–44 | 21 | 35 | 25 | 33 | 0.20 | 2.38 | 0.63 | 9.03 |
| 45–54 | 13 | 22 | 18 | 24 | 0.15 | 2.77 | 0.69 | 11.19 |
| 55+ | 9 | 15 | 23 | 31 | 0.03* | 5.11 | 1.23 | 21.28 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single | 8 | 14 | 4 | 5 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Married | 46 | 78 | 61 | 81 | 0.13 | 2.65 | 0.75 | 9.35 |
| Divorced/widowed | 5 | 8 | 10 | 14 | 0.10 | 4.00 | 0.80 | 20.02 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Elementary | 42 | 71 | 61 | 81 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Junior high school | 3 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 0.08 | 7.26 | 0.82 | 64.42 |
| High school | 9 | 15 | 8 | 11 | 0.11 | 8.33 | 0.63 | 110.02 |
| Higher education | 5 | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0.21 | 4.44 | 0.42 | 46.55 |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Housewife | 7 | 12 | 4 | 5 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Farmer | 30 | 51 | 47 | 63 | 0.13 | 2.74 | 0.74 | 10.17 |
| Laborer | 9 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 0.16 | 2.92 | 0.66 | 12.82 |
| Other | 13 | 22 | 9 | 12 | 0.80 | 1.21 | 0.27 | 5.40 |
| Knowledge | ||||||||
| Mild | 43 | 73 | 63 | 84 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Good | 16 | 27 | 12 | 16 | 0.12 | 0.51 | 0.22 | 1.19 |
| Perceived susceptibility | ||||||||
| Mild | 2 | 3 | 15 | 20 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Good | 57 | 97 | 60 | 80 | 0.01* | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.64 |
| Perceived severity | ||||||||
| Mild | 3 | 5 | 8 | 11 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Good | 56 | 95 | 67 | 89 | 0.25 | 0.45 | 0.11 | 1.77 |
| Perceived benefits | ||||||||
| Mild | 11 | 19 | 6 | 8 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Good | 48 | 81 | 69 | 92 | 0.07 | 2.64 | 0.91 | 7.61 |
| Perceived barriers | ||||||||
| Mild | 39 | 66 | 51 | 68 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Good | 20 | 34 | 24 | 32 | 0.82 | 0.92 | 0.44 | 1.90 |
| Chopped raw-fish salad ( | ||||||||
| Not eat | 17 | 29 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Eat | 42 | 71 | 41 | 99 | <0.01* | 29.95 | 3.85 | 233.12 |
| Briefly fermented fish ( | ||||||||
| Not eat | 14 | 24 | 9 | 12 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Eat | 45 | 76 | 66 | 88 | 0.08 | 2.28 | 0.91 | 5.72 |
| Briefly fermented fish stuffed with rice ( | ||||||||
| Not eat | 17 | 29 | 11 | 15 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Eat | 42 | 71 | 64 | 85 | 0.049* | 2.36 | 1.00 | 5.52 |
| Sawn raw fermented fish ( | ||||||||
| Not eat | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Eat | 56 | 95 | 72 | 9 | 0.76 | 1.29 | 0.25 | 6.62 |
| Raw fermented fish ( | ||||||||
| Not eat | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Eat | 58 | 98 | 71 | 95 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 2.81 |
| The family had consumption of raw fresh fish | ||||||||
| No | 7 | 12 | 19 | 25 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Yes | 52 | 88 | 56 | 75 | 0.06 | 0.40 | 0.15 | 1.02 |
| Have a friend who consumes raw fresh fish | ||||||||
| No | 7 | 12 | 6 | 8 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Yes | 52 | 88 | 69 | 92 | 0.46 | 1.55 | 0.49 | 4.88 |
| The people in community had consumed raw fresh fish | ||||||||
| No | 14 | 24 | 24 | 32 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Yes | 45 | 76 | 51 | 68 | 0.29 | 0.66 | 0.31 | 1.43 |
Factors associated with Opisthorchis viverrini infection: multivariate analysis
| Factors | Noninfected (n =59) | % | Infected (n = 75) | % | OR adjusted | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||||||
| Age, years | ||||||||
| 15–24 | 8 | 14 | 4 | 5 | – | 1 | – | – |
| 25–34 | 8 | 14 | 5 | 7 | 0.97 | 1.04 | 0.17 | 6.25 |
| 35–44 | 21 | 35 | 25 | 33 | 0.07 | 4.10 | 0.89 | 19.03 |
| 45–54 | 13 | 22 | 18 | 24 | 0.15 | 3.21 | 0.66 | 15.64 |
| 55+ | 9 | 15 | 23 | 31 | 0.02* | 6.36 | 1.28 | 31.66 |
| Perceived susceptibility | ||||||||
| Mild | 2 | 3 | 15 | 20 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Good | 57 | 97 | 60 | 80 | 0.02* | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.74 |
| Chopped raw-fish salad ( | ||||||||
| Not eat | 17 | 29 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – |
| Eat | 42 | 71 | 74 | 99 | <0.01* | 28.74 | 3.59 | 230.24 |
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Characteristics | Number (N = 134) | % |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 52 | 39 |
| Female | 82 | 61 |
| Age, years | n (mean age, SD) | |
| 15–24 | 12 (18.08, 3.66) | 9 |
| 25–34 | 13 (30.92, 2.43) | 10 |
| 35–44 | 46 (39.74, 2.70) | 34 |
| 45–54 | 31 (49.94, 2.74) | 23 |
| 55+ | 32 (61.25, 5.29) | 24 |
| Mean (SD) years | 44.4 (13.25) | |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | 12 | 9 |
| Married | 107 | 80 |
| Divorced/widowed | 15 | 11 |
| Education | ||
| Elementary | 103 | 77 |
| Junior high school | 8 | 6 |
| High school | 17 | 13 |
| Higher education | 6 | 4 |
| Occupation | ||
| Housewife | 11 | 8 |
| Farmer | 77 | 57 |
| Laborer | 24 | 18 |
| Other | 22 | 17 |