Determinants of consanguinity and inbreeding coefficient in the multiethnic population of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Muhammad Tufail; Atta Ur Rehman; Sajid Malik

Open Access

Determinants of consanguinity and inbreeding coefficient in the multiethnic population of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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| Dec 30, 2017

Volume 11 (2017): Issue 6 (December 2017)

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Published Online: Dec 30, 2017

Page range: 451 - 460

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/abm-2018-0022

Keywords
consanguinity, cousin unions, epidemiology, inbreeding coefficient, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mardan, Pakistani, Pashtuns, public health

© 2017 Muhammad Tufail et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Map of the Mardan district (A) superimposed on a map of Pakistan (B). Three tehsils and the neighboring districts are shown in A

Distribution of consanguineous unions, all marriages, and ICF in socioeconomic variables of Mardan population

Variable	Consanguineous unions		All marriages		Univariate logistic regression OR	95% CI
	n	%	n	%
Occupation
Professionals	200	46.2	433	36.0	1.25	0.939–1.654
Agriculture/farming	146	40.8	358	29.8	Ref.	–
Unskilled manual	75	45.2	166	13.8	1.20	0.826–1.735
Sales/business	44	42.3	104	8.7	1.06	0.684–1.657
Skilled manual	19	42.2	45	3.7	1.06	0.566–1.988
Services	19	42.2	45	3.7	1.06	0.566–1.988
Others (n < 27)	27	52.9	51	4.2	1.63	0.907–2.944
Monthly income (in rupees, ×1,000)
Up to 5	121	42.2	287	23.9	Ref.	–
>5–10	82	45.6	180	15.0	1.15	0.789–1.671
>10–20	155	44.7	347	28.9	1.11	0.808–1.518
>20–40	142	47.8	297	24.7	1.26	0.907–1.742
>40	30	33.0	91	7.57	0.67	0.411–1.108
Caste system# (zaat/biradari)
Makori	8	18.2	44	3.7	Ref.	–
Dalazak	12	30.8	39	3.2	2.00	0.718–5.571
Dewan Khel*	16	34.8	46	3.8	2.40	0.903–6.377
Mohmand*	39	35.5	110	9.2	2.47	1.046–5.841
Gujjar*	31	40.3	77	6.4	3.03	1.244–7.394
Swati*	22	42.3	52	4.3	3.30	1.285–8.475
Utman Khel*	22	45.8	48	4.0	3.81	1.467–9.881
Yousafzai*	69	46.0	150	12.5	3.83	1.670–8.797
Khattak*	195	46.5	419	34.9	3.92	1.778–8.630
Afghan*	30	49.2	61	5.1	4.36	1.743–10.883
Pela Khel*	37	59.7	62	5.2	6.66	2.657–16.693
Others (n < 39)*	49	52.1	94	7.8	4.90	2.060–11.654
Family/household type
Nuclear	406	43.7	929	77.3	Ref.	–
Extended	124	45.4	273	22.7	1.07	0.817–1.406
Area of house (marla)^#
Up to 5*	52	55.3	94	7.8	2.99	1.600–5.594
6–10*	218	50.8	429	35.7	2.50	1.496–4.166
11–15	130	39.4	330	27.5	1.57	0.929–2.654
16–20	106	39.7	267	22.2	1.59	0.932–2.717
20+	24	29.3	82	6.8	Ref.	–
No. of family members
Up to 5	166	43.5	382	31.8	Ref.	–
6–9	272	44.6	610	50.7	1.05	0.809–1.355
10 or more	92	43.8	210	17.5	1.01	0.722–1.425
Marriage arrangement^#
Traditionally arranged	345	38.7	891	74.1	Ref.	–
Arranged–love*	185	59.5	311	25.9	2.32	0.552–0.723

Distribution of consanguineous unions, all marriages, and ICF in demographic variables of Mardan population

Variable	Consanguineous unions		All marriages		Univariate logistic regression OR	95% CI
	n	%	n	%
Tehsil^#
Mardan	119	37.9	314	26.1	Ref.	–
Katlang	134	42.3	317	26.4	1.20	0.872–1.650
Takht Bhai*	277	48.5	571	47.5	1.54	1.166–2.045
Total	530	44.1	1,202	100
Rural/urban origin
Rural	430	44.7	962	80.0	1.13	0.849–1.507
Urban	100	41.7	240	20.0	Ref.	–
Literacy
Illiterate	121	39.4	307	25.5	Ref.	–
Literate	409	45.7	895	74.5	1.29	0.993–1.684
Literacy level (years of schooling)
Up to 8	40	50.6	79	6.57	1.36	0.836–2.216
9–12	213	47.0	453	37.7	1.18	0.892–1.555
13 and higher	156	43.0	363	30.2	Ref.	–
Marriage year
1985 or earlier	57	47.5	120	9.98	Ref.	–
1986–1995*	116	40.0	290	24.1	0.74	0.480–1.131
1996–2005*	215	46.0	467	38.9	0.94	0.631–1.409
2006–2015*	142	43.7	325	27.0	0.86	0.563–1.305
Age of subject (years)
Up to 30*	117	47.8	245	20.4	1.47	0.966–2.246
30.1–40*	223	45.1	494	41.1	1.33	0.904–1.944
40.1–50	136	42.2	322	26.8	1.18	0.786–1.767
³50	54	38.3	141	11.7	Ref.	–

Distribution of types of FC unions in tehsils and rural/urban samples

Variable	FC marriage type (n)				n	%
	FBD	FSD	MBD	MSD
Tehsil^#
Mardan	33	26	20	8	87	27.7
Katlang	38	23	23	16	100	31.5
Takht Bhai	74	64	60	25	223	39.1
Rural/urban origin#
Rural	119	89	88	42	338	35.1
Urban	26	24	15	7	72	30.0
Total (%)	145 (35.4) 113	(27.6) 103	(25.1) 49	(12.0)	410	34.1

Significant predictors of consanguinity in individual tehsils as revealed by multivariate logistic regression

Variable	OR	Std. Err.	P	95% CI
Mardan tehsil (n = 314) Rural/urban origin
Urban	Ref.
Rural	1.82	0.47	0.019	1.10–3.01
Marriage arrangement
Traditionally arranged	Ref.
Arranged–love	4.10	1.10	<0.0001	2.43–6.93
Katlang tehsil (n = 317)
Area of house (marla)
Up to 5	5.63	3.61	0.007	1.60–19.80
6–10	6.22	3.41	0.001	2.12–18.22
11–15	2.20	1.21	0.15	0.75–6.44
16–20	1.97	1.09	0.23	0.65–5.86
20+	Ref.
Marriage arrangement
Traditionally arranged	Ref.
Arranged–love	3.68	1.09	<0.0001	2.06–6.58
Takht Bhai tehsil (n = 571Rural/urban origin)
Urban	Ref.
Rural	0.05	0.05	0.003	0.01–0.36
Age of participant (years)
Up to 30	2.90	1.47	0.036	1.07–7.85
30.1–40	2.11	0.96	0.10	0.87–5.14
40.1–50	1.39	0.54	0.40	0.64–2.99
50+	Ref.
Marriage year
1985 or earlier	Ref.
1986–1995	0.91	0.37	0.81	0.41–2.01
1996–2005	0.73	0.33	0.49	0.29–1.79
2006–2015	0.48	0.24	0.15	0.18–1.30
Caste system
Makori	Ref.
Dalazak	1.58	0.96	0.45	0.48–5.17
Dewan Khel	1.00	Empty
Mohmand	4.42	2.42	0.006	1.52–12.91
Gujjar	2.83	1.56	0.059	0.96–8.33
Swati	3.55	2.22	0.043	1.04–12.10
Utman Khel	6.95	4.17	0.001	2.15–22.51
Yousafzai	4.29	2.17	0.004	1.59–11.56
Khattak	7.44	3.54	<0.0001	2.93–18.92
Afghan	3.23	1.82	0.038	1.07–9.74
Pela Khel	12.94	12.29	0.007	2.01–83.25
Others (n < 39)	4.67	2.43	0.003	1.68–12.95

Distribution of major types of marital unions and ICF in 3 tehsils of the Mardan district

Tehsil	Consanguineous unions, n (%)					Nonconsanguineous unions, n (%)
	DFC	FC	FCOR	SC	SCOR	DR	Unrelated	All marriages	ICF
Mardan	8 (2.5)	87 (27.7)	13 (4.1)	11 (3.5)	2 (0.6)	28 (8.9)	165 (52.5)	314 (26.1)	0.0223
Katlang	6 (1.9)	100 (31.5)	16 (5.0)	12 (3.8)	4 (1.3)	45 (14.2)	134 (42.3)	317 (26.4)	0.0243
Takht Bhai	10 (1.8)	223 (39.1)	29 (5.1)	15 (2.6)	4 (0.7)	69 (12.1)	221 (38.7)	571 (47.5)	0.0286
Total	24 (2.0)	410 (34.1)	58 (4.8)	38 (3.2)	10 (0.8)	142 (11.8)	520 (43.3)	1,202 (100)	0.0258

Significant predictors of consanguinity in Mardan population observed through multivariate logistic regression

Variable	OR	Std. Err.	P	95% CI
Tehsil
Mardan	Ref.
Katlang	1.26	0.22	0.19	0.89–1.79
Takht Bhai	1.68	0.29	0.003	1.20–2.35
Marriage year
≤1985	Ref.	0.16	0.048	0.33–0.99
1986–1995	0.57
1996–2005	0.53	0.17	0.048	0.28–0.99
2006–2015	0.34	0.12	0.003	0.17–0.69
Age of subject (years)
Up to 30	2.52	0.92	0.011	1.23–5.14
30.1–40	1.88	0.60	0.050	1.00–3.53
40.1–50	1.45	0.41	0.18	0.84–2.52
≥50	Ref.
Caste system
Makori	Ref.	2.42	0.004	1.60–12.88
Dewan Khel	4.54
Mohmand	2.81	1.29	0.024	1.14–6.92
Gujjar	3.20	1.52	0.015	1.26–8.14
Swati	4.49	2.26	0.003	1.67–12.06
Utman Khel	4.09	2.08	0.005	1.52–11.06
Yousafzai	4.05	1.79	0.002	1.70–9.61
Khattak	4.87	2.05	0.000	2.13–11.13
Afghan	4.56	2.23	0.002	1.75–11.89
Pela Khel	9.29	4.59	0.000	3.53–24.44
Others	4.93	2.26	0.001	2.01–12.12
Area of house (marla)
20+	Ref.
16–20	1.31	0.38	0.34	0.75–2.31
11–15	1.28	0.36	0.38	0.74–2.24
6–10	2.01	0.57	0.013	1.16–3.50
Up to 5	2.61	0.90	0.005	1.34–5.12
Marriage arrangement
Traditionally arranged	Ref.
Arranged–love	2.58	0.37	<0.0001	1.95–3.41

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Determinants of consanguinity and inbreeding coefficient in the multiethnic population of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Article Category: Original article

Published Online: Dec 30, 2017

Page range: 451 - 460

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/abm-2018-0022

Keywords
consanguinity, cousin unions, epidemiology, inbreeding coefficient, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mardan, Pakistani, Pashtuns, public health

© 2017 Muhammad Tufail et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Distribution of consanguineous unions, all marriages, and ICF in socioeconomic variables of Mardan population

Distribution of consanguineous unions, all marriages, and ICF in demographic variables of Mardan population

Distribution of types of FC unions in tehsils and rural/urban samples

Significant predictors of consanguinity in individual tehsils as revealed by multivariate logistic regression

Distribution of major types of marital unions and ICF in 3 tehsils of the Mardan district

Significant predictors of consanguinity in Mardan population observed through multivariate logistic regression

Determinants of consanguinity and inbreeding coefficient in the multiethnic population of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Article Category: Original article

Published Online: Dec 30, 2017

Page range: 451 - 460

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/abm-2018-0022

Keywordsconsanguinity, cousin unions, epidemiology, inbreeding coefficient, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mardan, Pakistani, Pashtuns, public health

© 2017 Muhammad Tufail et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Figure 1

Distribution of consanguineous unions, all marriages, and ICF in socioeconomic variables of Mardan population

Distribution of consanguineous unions, all marriages, and ICF in demographic variables of Mardan population

Distribution of types of FC unions in tehsils and rural/urban samples

Significant predictors of consanguinity in individual tehsils as revealed by multivariate logistic regression

Distribution of major types of marital unions and ICF in 3 tehsils of the Mardan district

Significant predictors of consanguinity in Mardan population observed through multivariate logistic regression

Keywords
consanguinity, cousin unions, epidemiology, inbreeding coefficient, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mardan, Pakistani, Pashtuns, public health