[1. Falck K, Gröhn P, Sorsa M, Vainio H, Heinonen E, Holsti LR. Mutagenicity in urine in nurses handling cytotoxic drugs. Lancet 1979;8128:1250-1. PMID: 8772210.1016/S0140-6736(79)91939-1]Search in Google Scholar
[2. European Agency for Health and Safety at Work (EU-OSHA). Current and emerging occupational safety and health (OSH) issues in the healthcare sector, including home and community care, 2014 [displayed 16 August 2018]. Available at https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/reports/current-andemerging-occupational-safety-and-health-osh-issues-in-thehealthcare-sector-including-home-and-community-care/view]Search in Google Scholar
[3. European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs (EC). Occupational health and safety risks in the healthcare sector - Guide to prevention and good practice, 2011 [displayed 16 August 2018]. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=7167&langId=en]Search in Google Scholar
[4. European Parliament (EP). Preventing occupational exposure to cytotoxic and other hazardous drugs: European policy recommendations, 2016 [displayed 16 August 2018]. Available at http://www.europeanbiosafetynetwork.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2016/05/Exposure-to-Cytotoxic-Drugs_Recommendation_DINA4_10-03-16.pdf]Search in Google Scholar
[5. Besse JP, Latour JF, Garric J. Anticancer drugs in surface waters. What can we say about the occurrence and environmental significance of cytotoxic, cytostatic and endocrine therapy drugs? Environ Int 2012;39:73-86. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.10.002]Search in Google Scholar
[6. Deblonde T, Hartemann P. Environmental impact of medical prescriptions: assessing the risks and hazards of persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity of pharmaceuticals. Public Health 2013;127:312-7. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.01.026]Search in Google Scholar
[7. Gajski G, Gerić M, Domijan A-M, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Combined cyto/genotoxic activity of a selected antineoplastic drug mixture in human circulating blood cells. Chemosphere 2016;165:529-38. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.058]Search in Google Scholar
[8. Kosjek T, Heath E. Occurrence, fate and determination of cytostatic pharmaceuticals in the environment. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 2011;30:1065-87. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.04.007]Search in Google Scholar
[9. Toolaram AP, Kümmerer K, Schneider M. Environmental risk assessment of anti-cancer drugs and their transformation products: a focus on their genotoxicity characterization-state of knowledge and short comings. Mutat Res-Rev Mutat 2014;760:18-35. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.02.001]Search in Google Scholar
[10. Zhang J, Chang VWC, Giannis A, Wang JY. Removal of cytostatic drugs from aquatic environment: a review. Sci Total Environ 2013;445-446:281-98. doi: 10.1016/j. scitotenv.2012.12.061]Search in Google Scholar
[11. Zounkova R, Kovalova L, Blaha L, Dott W. Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of cytotoxic antineoplastic drugs and their metabolites. Chemosphere 2010;81:253-60. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.06.029]Search in Google Scholar
[12. Kopjar N, Milas I, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Gamulin M. Alkaline comet assay study with breast cancer patients: evaluation of baseline and chemotherapy-induced DNA damage in nontarget cells. Clin Exp Med 2006;6:177-90. doi: 10.1007/s10238-006-0113-8]Search in Google Scholar
[13. Moretti M, Grollino MG, Pavanello S, Bonfiglioli R, Villarini M, Appolloni M, Carrieri M, Sabatini L, Dominici L, Stronati L, Mastrangelo G, Barbieri A, Fatigoni C, Bartolucci GB, Ceretti E, Mussi F, Monarca S. Micronuclei and chromosome aberrations in subjects occupationally exposed to antineoplastic drugs: a multicentric approach. Int Arch Occ Env Hea 2015;88:683-95. doi: 10.1007/s00420-014-0993-y]Search in Google Scholar
[14. Turci R, Minoia C, Sottani C, Coghi R, Severi P, Castriotta C, Del Bianco M, Imbriani M. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs in seven Italian hospitals: The effect of quality assurance and adherence to guidelines. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2011;17:320-32. doi: 10.1177/1078155210381931]Search in Google Scholar
[15. Yoshida J, Koda S, Nishida S, Yoshida T, Miyajima K, Kumagai S. Association between occupational exposure levels of antineoplastic drugs and work environment in five hospitals in Japan. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2011;17:29-38. doi: 10.1177/1078155210380485]Search in Google Scholar
[16. Zhang X, Zheng Q, Lv L, An M, Zhang Y, Wei Y, Feng W. Evaluation of adverse health risks associated with antineoplastic drug exposure in nurses at two Chinese hospitals: the effects of implementing a pharmacy intravenous admixture service. Am J Ind Med 2016;59:264-73. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22553]Search in Google Scholar
[17. Connor TH, Lawson CC, Polovich M, McDiarmid MA. Reproductive health risks associated with occupational exposures to antineoplastic drugs in health care settings: A review of the evidence. J Occup Environ Med 2014:56:901-10. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000249]Search in Google Scholar
[18. Fransman W, Roeleveld N, Peelen S, de Kort W, Kromhout H, Heederik D. Nurses with dermal exposure to antineoplastic drugs: Reproductive outcomes. Epidemiology 2007;18:112-9. doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000246827.44093.c1]Search in Google Scholar
[19. Fransman W, Peelen S, Hilhorst S, Roeleveld N, Heederik D, Kromhout H. A pooled analysis to study trends in exposure to antineoplastic drugs among nurses. Ann Occup Hyg 2007;51:231-9. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mel081]Search in Google Scholar
[20. McDiarmid MA, Oliver MS, Rogers B, Escalante C. Chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities in oncology personnel handling anticancer drugs. J Occup Environ Med 2010;52:1028-34. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181f73ae6]Search in Google Scholar
[21. Rombaldi F, Cassini C, Salvador M, Saffi J, Erdtmann B. Occupational risk assessment of genotoxicity and oxidative stress in workers handling anti-neoplasic drugs during a working week. Mutagenesis 2009;24:143-8. doi: 10.1093/mutage/gen060]Search in Google Scholar
[22. Mahboob M, Rahman MF, Rekhadevi PV, Sailaja N, Balasubramanyam A, Prabhakar PV, Singh SP, Reddy UA, Rao GS, Grover P. Monitoring of oxidative stress in nurses occupationally exposed to antineoplastic drugs. Toxicol Int 2012;19:20-4. doi: 10.4103/0971-6580.94510]Search in Google Scholar
[23. Connor TH. Hazardous anticancer drugs in health care: environmental exposure assessment. Ann NY Acad Sci 2006;1076:615-23. doi: 10.1196/annals.1371.021]Search in Google Scholar
[24. Kiffmeyer TK, Tuerk J, Hahn M, Stuetzer H, Hadtstein C, Heinemann A, Eickmann U. Application and assessment of a regular environmental monitoring of the antineoplastic drug contamination level in pharmacies - the MEWIP project. Ann Occup Hyg 2013;57:444-55. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mes081]Search in Google Scholar
[25. Meijster T, Fransman W, Veldhof R, Kromhout H. Exposure to antineoplastic drugs outside the hospital environment. Ann Occup Hyg 2006;50:657-64. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mel023]Search in Google Scholar
[26. Sessink PJ, Bos RP. Drugs hazardous to healthcare workers. Evaluation of methods for monitoring occupational exposure to cytostatic drugs. Drug Safety 1999;20:347-59. PMID: 1023058210.2165/00002018-199920040-0000410230582]Search in Google Scholar
[27. Turci R, Sottani C, Spagnoli G, Minoia C. Biological and environmental monitoring of hospital personnel exposed to antineoplastic agents: a review of analytical methods. J Chromatogr B 2003;789:169-209. doi: 10.1016/S1570-0232(03)00100-4]Search in Google Scholar
[28. Minoia C, Turci R, Sottani C, Schiavi A, Perbellini L, Angeleri S, Draicchio F, Apostoli P. Application of high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in the environmental and biological monitoring of health care personnel occupationally exposed to cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 1998;12:1485-93. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0231(19981030)12:20<1485::AID-RCM333>3.0.CO;2-N]Search in Google Scholar
[29. Connor TH, Anderson RW, Sessink PJ, Broadfield L, Power LA. Surface contamination with antineoplastic agents in six cancer treatment centers in Canada and the United States. Am J Health-Syst Ph 1999;56:1427-32. PMID: 1042845010.1093/ajhp/56.14.142710428450]Search in Google Scholar
[30. Fleury-Souverain S, Mattiuzzo M, Mehl F, Nussbaumer S, Bouchoud L, Falaschi L, Gex-Fabry M, Rudaz S, Sadeghipour F, Bonnabry P. Evaluation of chemical contamination of surfaces during the preparation of chemotherapies in 24 hospital pharmacies. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2015;22:333-41. doi: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2014-000549]Search in Google Scholar
[31. Hedmer M, Georgiadi A, Bremberg ER, Jönsson BA, Eksborg S. Surface contamination of cyclophosphamide packaging and surface contamination with antineoplastic drugs in a hospital pharmacy in Sweden. Ann Occup Hyg 2005;49:629-37. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mei042]Search in Google Scholar
[32. Schmaus G, Schierl R, Funck S. Monitoring surface contamination by antineoplastic drugs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and voltammetry. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2002;59:956-61. PMID: 1204073510.1093/ajhp/59.10.95612040735]Search in Google Scholar
[33. Viegas S, Pádua M, Veiga A, Carolino E, Gomes M. Antineoplastic drugs contamination of workplace surfaces in two Portuguese hospitals. Environ Monit Assess 2014;186:7807-18. doi: 10.1007/s10661-014-3969-1]Search in Google Scholar
[34. Hon CY, Teschke K, Chua P, Venners S, Nakashima L. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs: identification of job categories potentially exposed throughout the hospital medication system. Saf Health Work 2011;2:273-81. doi: 10.5491/SHAW.2011.2.3.273]Search in Google Scholar
[35. Sessink PJ, Cerná M, Rössner P, Pastorková A, Bavarová H, Franková K, Anzion RB, Bos RP. Urinary cyclophosphamide excretion and chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes after occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents. Mutat Res 1994;309:193-9. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90092-2]Search in Google Scholar
[36. Sottani C, Rinaldi P, Leoni E, Poggi G, Teragni C, Delmonte A, Minoia C. Simultaneous determination of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, doxorubicin, epirubicin and daunorubicin in human urine using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: bioanalytical method validation. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2008;22:2645-59. doi: 10.1002/rcm.3657]Search in Google Scholar
[37. Sottani C, Porro B, Imbriani M, Minoia C. Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs in four Italian health care settings. Toxicol Lett 2011;213:107-15. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.028]Search in Google Scholar
[38. Schierl R, Böhlandt A, Nowak D. Guidance values for surface monitoring of antineoplastic drugs in German pharmacies. Ann Occup Hyg 2009;53:703-11. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mep050]Search in Google Scholar
[39. Sessink PJM, Connor TH, Jorgenson JA, Tyler TG. Reduction in surface contamination with antineoplastic drugs in 22 hospital pharmacies in the US following implementation of a closed-system drug transfer device. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2011;17:39-48. doi: 10.1177/1078155210361431]Search in Google Scholar
[40. Touzin K, Bussières JF, Langlois E, Lefebvre M. Evaluation of surface contamination in a hospital hematology-oncology pharmacy. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2009;15:53-61. doi: 10.1177/1078155208096904]Search in Google Scholar
[41. Castiglia L, Miraglia N, Pieri M, Simonelli A, Basilicata P, Genovese G, Guadagni R, Acampora A, Sannolo N, Scafarto MV. Evaluation of occupational exposure to antiblastic drugs in an Italian hospital oncological department. J Occup Health 2008;50:48-56. PMID: 1828564410.1539/joh.50.4818285644]Search in Google Scholar
[42. Kopp B, Schierl R, Nowak D. Evaluation of working practices and surface contamination with antineoplastic drugs in outpatient oncology health care settings. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013;86:47-55. doi: 10.1007/s00420-012-0742-z]Search in Google Scholar
[43. Larson RR, Khazaeli MB, Dillon HK. Monitoring method for surface contamination caused by selected antineoplastic agents. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2002;59:270-7. PMID: 1186263910.1093/ajhp/59.3.27011862639]Search in Google Scholar
[44. Boiano JM, Steege AL, Sweeney MH. Adherence to safe handling guidelines by health care workers who administer antineoplastic drugs. J Occup Environ Hyg 2014;11:728-40. doi: 10.1080/15459624.2014.916809]Search in Google Scholar
[45. Vyas N, Turner A, Clark JM, Sewell GJ. Evaluation of a closed-system cytotoxic transfer device in a pharmaceutical isolator. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2014;22:10-9. doi: 10.1177/1078155214544993]Search in Google Scholar
[46. Sessink PJ, Trahan J, Coyne JW. Reduction in surface contamination with cyclophosphamide in 30 US hospital pharmacies following implementation of a closed-system drug transfer device. Hosp Pharm 2013;48:204-12. doi: 10.1310/hpj4803-204]Search in Google Scholar
[47. Simon N, Vasseur M, Pinturaud M, Soichot M, Richeval C, Humbert L, Lebecque M, Sidikou O, Barthelemy C, Bonnabry P, Allorge D, Décaudin B, Odou P. Effectiveness of a closed-system transfer device in reducing surface contamination in a new antineoplastic drug - compounding unit: a prospective, controlled, parallel study. PLoS One 2016;11:e0159052. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159052]Search in Google Scholar
[48. Barek J, Cvacka J, de Méo M, Laget M, Michelon J, Castegnaro M. Chemical degradation of wastes of antineoplastic agents amsacrine, azathioprine, asparaginase and thiotepa. Ann Occup Hyg 1998;42:259-66. doi: 10.1016/S0003-4878(98)00023-4]Search in Google Scholar
[49. Benvenuto JA, Connor TH, Monteith DK, Laidlaw JL, Adams SC, Matney TS, Theiss JC. Degradation and inactivation of antitumor drugs. J Pharm Sci 1993;82:988-91. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600821003]Search in Google Scholar
[50. Castegnaro M, De Méo M, Laget M, Michelon J, Garren L, Sportouch MH, Hansel S. Chemical degradation of wastes of antineoplastic agents. 2: six anthra-cyclines: darubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, pirarubicin, aclarubicin, and daunorubicin. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1997;70:378-84. doi: 10.1007/s004200050232]Search in Google Scholar
[51. Hansel S, Castegnaro M, Sportouch MH, De Méo M, Milhavet JC, Laget M, Duménil G. Chemical degradation of wastes of antineoplastic agents: cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and melphalan. Int Arch Occup Env He 1997;69:109-14. doi: 10.1007/s004200050124]Search in Google Scholar
[52. Lamerie TQ, Nussbaumer S, Décaudin B, Fleury-Souverain S, Goossens JF, Bonnabry P, Odou P. Evaluation of decontamination efficacy of cleaning solutions on stainless steel and glass surfaces contaminated by 10 antineoplasic agents. Ann Occup Hyg 2013;57:456-69. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mes087]Search in Google Scholar
[53. Monteith DK, Connor TH, Benvenuto JA, Fairchild EJ, Theiss JC. Stability and inactivation of mutagenic drugs and their metabolites in the rine of patients administered antineoplastic therapy. Environ Mol Mutagen 1987;10:341-56. PMID: 331565610.1002/em.28501004043315656]Search in Google Scholar
[54. Shea JA, Shamrock WF, Abboud CA, Woodeshick RW, Nguyen LQ, Rubino JT, Segretario J. Validation of cleaning procedures for highly potent drugs. I. Losoxantrone. Pharm Dev Technol 1966;1:69-75. doi: 10.3109/10837459609031420]Search in Google Scholar
[55. Touzin K, Bussières JF, Langlois E, Lefebvre M, Métra A. Pilot study comparing the efficacy of two cleaning techniques in reducing environmental contamination with cyclophosphamide. Ann Occup Hyg 2010;54:351-9. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/meq004]Search in Google Scholar
[56. Lunn G, Sansone EB, Andrew AW, Hellwig LC. Degradation and disposal of some antineoplastic drugs. J Pharm Sci 1989;78:652-9. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600780811]Search in Google Scholar
[57. Raghavan R, Burchett M, Loffredo D, Mulligan JA. Lowlevel (PPB) determination of cisplatin in cleaning validation (rinse water) samples. II. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2000;26:429-40. doi: 10.1081/DDC-100101250]Search in Google Scholar
[58. Ladeira C, Viegas S, Costa-Veiga A. How to deal with uncertainties regarding the occupational exposure to antineoplastic mixtures: additive effect should always be considered? In: Topical Scientific Workshop - New Approach Methodologies in Regulatory Science, Proceedings of a Scientific Workshop Helsinki, 19-20 April 2016 [displayed 17 August 2018]. Available at https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/22816069/scientific_ws_proceedings_en.pdf]Search in Google Scholar
[59. Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Perniconi B, Francesco AD, Giglio M, Rubino FM, Marinaccio A, Iavicoli S. Evaluation of genotoxic effects induced by exposure to antineoplasic drugs in lynphocytes and exfoliated buccal cells of oncologu nurses and pharmacy employees. Mutat Res 2005;587:45-51. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.07.008]Search in Google Scholar
[60. Fučić A, Jazbec A, Mijić A, Šešo-Šimić D, Tomek R. Cytogenetic consequences after occupational expo-sure to antineoplastic drugs. Mutat Res 1998;416:59-66. doi: 10.1016/S1383-5718(98)00084-9]Search in Google Scholar
[61. Roland C, Ouellette-Frève JF, Plante C, Bussières J-F. Surface contamination in a teaching hospital: a 6 year perspective. Pharm Technol Hosp Pharm 2016;1:187-93. doi: 10.1515/pthp-2016-0016]Search in Google Scholar
[62. Viegas S, Ladeira C, Costa-Veiga A, Perelman J, Gajski G. Forgotten public health impacts of cancer - an overview. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2017;68:287-97. doi: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-3005]Search in Google Scholar
[63. Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Omodeo-Salè E, Iavicoli S. Micronucleus induction and FISH analysis in buccal cells and lymphocytes of nurses administering antineoplastic drugs. Mutat Res 2007;628:11-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.10.014]Search in Google Scholar
[64. Gajski G, Ladeira C, Gerić M, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Viegas S. Genotoxicity assessment of a selected cytostatic drug mixture in human lymphocytes: a study based on concentrations relevant for occupational exposure. Environ Res 2018;161:26-34. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.044]Search in Google Scholar
[65. Sabatini L, Barbieri A, Tosi M, Violante FS. A new highperformance liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil as markers of surface contamination for occupational exposure monitoring. J Mass Spectrom 2005;40:669-74. doi: 10.1002/jms.840]Search in Google Scholar
[66. Castagne V, Habert H, Abbara C, Rudant E, Bonhomme- Faivre L. Cytotoxics compounded sterile preparation control by HPLC during a 16-month assessment in a French university hospital: importance of the mixing bags step. J OncolPharm Pract 2011;17:191-6.doi: 10.1177/1078155210376846]Search in Google Scholar
[67. Dal Bello F, Santoro V, Scarpino V, Martano C, Aigotti R, Chiappa A, Davoli E, Medana C. Antineoplastic drugs determination by HPLC-HRMS(n) to monitor occupational exposure. Drug Test Anal 2016;8:730-7. doi: 10.1002/dta.1827.]Search in Google Scholar