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Enhanced catalytic activity of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) polyelectrolyte complex composites membranes by laser etching

Ting Yu
Ting Yu
, 
Boonyarach Kitiyanan
Boonyarach Kitiyanan
 and 
Stephan Thierry Dubas
Stephan Thierry Dubas
   | May 08, 2024
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Published Online: May 08, 2024
Page range: 52 - 61
Received: Jan 05, 2024
Accepted: Mar 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2024-0004
Keywords
© 2024 Ting Yu et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

(a) XRD patterns of ZIF-8 and calcined ZIF-8, (b) FE-SEM images of calcined ZIF-8
(a) XRD patterns of ZIF-8 and calcined ZIF-8, (b) FE-SEM images of calcined ZIF-8

Fig. 2.

Pictures of PECs that (a) 0ZIF/PEC, (b) 10ZIF/PEC, (c) 30ZIF/PEC, (d) 50ZIF/PEC, (e) 70ZIF/PEC and (f) 90ZIF/PEC
Pictures of PECs that (a) 0ZIF/PEC, (b) 10ZIF/PEC, (c) 30ZIF/PEC, (d) 50ZIF/PEC, (e) 70ZIF/PEC and (f) 90ZIF/PEC

Fig. 3.

Photo of PECs before (left side) and after (right side) laser etching
Photo of PECs before (left side) and after (right side) laser etching

Fig. 4.

FE-SEM images of (a) 0ZIF/PEC-L, (b) 10ZIF/PEC-L, (c) 30ZIF/PEC-L, (d) 50ZIF/PEC-L, (e) 70ZIF/PEC-L, and (f) 90ZIF/PEC-L
FE-SEM images of (a) 0ZIF/PEC-L, (b) 10ZIF/PEC-L, (c) 30ZIF/PEC-L, (d) 50ZIF/PEC-L, (e) 70ZIF/PEC-L, and (f) 90ZIF/PEC-L

Fig. 5.

FE-SEM images of xZIF/PEC etched by laser (left side) and corresponding EDS mapping of Zn distribution (right side): (a) 10ZIF/PEC-L, (b) 30ZIF/PEC-L, (c) 50ZIF/PEC-L, (d) 70ZIF/PEC-L and (e) 90ZIF/PEC-L
FE-SEM images of xZIF/PEC etched by laser (left side) and corresponding EDS mapping of Zn distribution (right side): (a) 10ZIF/PEC-L, (b) 30ZIF/PEC-L, (c) 50ZIF/PEC-L, (d) 70ZIF/PEC-L and (e) 90ZIF/PEC-L

Fig. 6.

XRD patterns of 70ZIF/PEC before and after laser etching
XRD patterns of 70ZIF/PEC before and after laser etching

Fig. 7.

ATR-FTIR spectra of PDDA, PSS, ZIF-8, 70ZIF/PEC, and 70ZIF/PEC-L
ATR-FTIR spectra of PDDA, PSS, ZIF-8, 70ZIF/PEC, and 70ZIF/PEC-L

Fig. 8.

Triglyceride conversion catalyzed by ZIF/PECL with 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% ZIF-8 loadings over five times usages
Triglyceride conversion catalyzed by ZIF/PECL with 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% ZIF-8 loadings over five times usages

Fig. 9.

Conversion of triglyceride in soybean oil by powder calcined ZIF-8, PDDA/PSS PEC, 70ZIF/PEC, 70ZIF/PEC-L, and blank experiment
Conversion of triglyceride in soybean oil by powder calcined ZIF-8, PDDA/PSS PEC, 70ZIF/PEC, 70ZIF/PEC-L, and blank experiment

Fig. S1.

(a) The schematic of batch reactor for transesterification, and (b) Photograph of batch reactor for transesterification
(a) The schematic of batch reactor for transesterification, and (b) Photograph of batch reactor for transesterification

Fig. S2.

HPLC chromatograms of (a) soybean oil, FAME converted from soybean oil by (b) no catalyst under 150°C for 4 hours, (c) PDAD/PSS PECs under 150°C for 4 hours, (d) calcined ZIF-8 under 150°C for 4 hours, (e) ZIF-8-L under 150°C for 4 hours, (f) 70ZIF/PEC under 150°C for 4 hours, (g) 70ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours. The conditions of HPLC: an Inertsil ODS-4 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm) and a mixture mobile phase consisting of acetone/acetonitrile (80:20 V/V) was used at an oven temperature of 30°C, a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and a UV wavelength of 205 nm [1].
HPLC chromatograms of (a) soybean oil, FAME converted from soybean oil by (b) no catalyst under 150°C for 4 hours, (c) PDAD/PSS PECs under 150°C for 4 hours, (d) calcined ZIF-8 under 150°C for 4 hours, (e) ZIF-8-L under 150°C for 4 hours, (f) 70ZIF/PEC under 150°C for 4 hours, (g) 70ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours. The conditions of HPLC: an Inertsil ODS-4 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm) and a mixture mobile phase consisting of acetone/acetonitrile (80:20 V/V) was used at an oven temperature of 30°C, a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and a UV wavelength of 205 nm [1].

Fig. S3.

GC chromatograms of (a) Supelco 37 component FAME mix (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C21:0, C22:0, C23:0, C24:0 C14:1, C15:1, C16:1, C17:1, trans-C18:1, cis-C18:1, C20:1, C22:1, C24:1, trans-C18:2, cis-C18:2, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:2, C20:3n6, C2:4n6, C20:3n3, C20:5n3, C22:2n6, C22:6), FAME converted from soybean oil by (b) 10ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours, 1st usage (c) 30ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours, 1st usage (d) 50ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours, 1st usage (e) 70ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours, 1st usage, (e) 90ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours, 1st usage
GC chromatograms of (a) Supelco 37 component FAME mix (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, C17:0, C18:0, C20:0, C21:0, C22:0, C23:0, C24:0 C14:1, C15:1, C16:1, C17:1, trans-C18:1, cis-C18:1, C20:1, C22:1, C24:1, trans-C18:2, cis-C18:2, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:2, C20:3n6, C2:4n6, C20:3n3, C20:5n3, C22:2n6, C22:6), FAME converted from soybean oil by (b) 10ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours, 1st usage (c) 30ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours, 1st usage (d) 50ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours, 1st usage (e) 70ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours, 1st usage, (e) 90ZIF/PEC-L under 150°C for 4 hours, 1st usage

Fig. S4.

FE-SEM image of 70ZIF/PEC after laser etching
FE-SEM image of 70ZIF/PEC after laser etching

Fig. S5.

Conversion of triglyceride in soybean oil by ZIF-8 and ZIF-8 exposed to laser
Conversion of triglyceride in soybean oil by ZIF-8 and ZIF-8 exposed to laser
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