<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<sec><h3>Introduction</h3>
<p>The spread of penile cancer cells through lymphatic vessels provides the potential for using compounds involved in lymphangiogenesis, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and Ki-67, in predicting the development of lymphatic metastases in penile cancer.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Methods</h3>
<p>The systematic review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. A literature search was conducted using the medical literature database PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, and EBSCOHost for studies published until February 7, 2023.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Results</h3>
<p>Among 527 studies identified in the literature, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria and became eligible studies. PD-L1, CRP, and NLR are biomarkers which are proven to be significantly associated with an increased risk of high-grade tumor and lymphatic metastasis in penile cancer.</p>
</sec>
<sec><h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>PD-L1, CRP, and NLR are biomarkers that might be used to assess the risk or likelihood of developing lymphatic metastases in penile cancer.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>

Introduction
The spread of penile cancer cells through lymphatic vessels provides the potential for using compounds involved in lymphangiogenesis, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and Ki-67, in predicting the development of lymphatic metastases in penile cancer.

Methods
The systematic review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. A literature search was conducted using the medical literature database PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, and EBSCOHost for studies published until February 7, 2023.

Results
Among 527 studies identified in the literature, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria and became eligible studies. PD-L1, CRP, and NLR are biomarkers which are proven to be significantly associated with an increased risk of high-grade tumor and lymphatic metastasis in penile cancer.

Conclusion
PD-L1, CRP, and NLR are biomarkers that might be used to assess the risk or likelihood of developing lymphatic metastases in penile cancer.

Programmed Death-Ligand 1, C-reactive Protein, and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as Lymphangiogenesis Markers of Metastasis in Penile Cancer – A Systematic Review

Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine

Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine

Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine

Forum of Clinical Oncology

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Introduction
The spread of penile cancer cells through lymphatic vessels provides the potential for using compounds involved in lymphangiogenesis, such as...

Programmed Death-Ligand 1, C-reactive Protein, and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as Lymphangiogenesis Markers of Metastasis in Penile Cancer – A Systematic Review

Article Category: Research Article

Published Online: Jan 01, 2024

Page range: -

Received: Jun 19, 2023

Accepted: Nov 06, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2023-0010

Keywords
Biomarkers, Lymphatic metastasis, Penile cancer, Programmed death-ligand 1, C-reactive protein, Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio

© 2023 I Wayan Yudiana et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Programmed Death-Ligand 1, C-reactive Protein, and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as Lymphangiogenesis Markers of Metastasis in Penile Cancer – A Systematic Review

Article Category: Research Article

Published Online: Jan 01, 2024

Page range: -

Received: Jun 19, 2023

Accepted: Nov 06, 2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/fco-2023-0010

KeywordsBiomarkers, Lymphatic metastasis, Penile cancer, Programmed death-ligand 1, C-reactive protein, Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio

© 2023 I Wayan Yudiana et al., published by Sciendo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Keywords
Biomarkers, Lymphatic metastasis, Penile cancer, Programmed death-ligand 1, C-reactive protein, Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio