Clinical, Hormonal, and Ultrasound Characteristics of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Graves’ Disease And Different Thyroid Antibody Profiles

1. Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid 2016; 26: 1343-1421.10.1089/thy.2016.0229Search in Google Scholar

2. Tun NN, Beckett G, Zammitt NN, et al. Thyrotropin receptor antibody levels at diagnosis and after thionamide course predict Graves’ Disease relapse. Thyroid 2016; 26: 1004-1009.10.1089/thy.2016.0017Search in Google Scholar

3. Sahlmann CO, Siefker U, Lehmann K, et al. Quantitative thyroid scintigraphy for the differentiation of Graves’ disease and hyperthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis. Nuklearmedizin 2004; 43: 124-128.10.1055/s-0038-1625315Search in Google Scholar

4. Gilmour J, Brownlee Y, Foster P, et al. The quantitative measurement of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase by automated microparticle based immunoassays in Hashimoto’s disease, Graves’ disease and a follow-up study on postpartum thyroid disease. Clin Lab 2000; 46: 57-61.Search in Google Scholar

5. McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. Why measure thyroglobulin autoantibodies rather than thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies? Thyroid 2004; 14: 510-520.10.1089/1050725041517057Search in Google Scholar

6. Ogawa T, Sakata S, Nakamura S, et al. Thyroid hormone autoantibodies in patients with Graves’ disease: effect of antithyroid drug treatment. Clin Chim Acta 1994; 228: 113-122.10.1016/0009-8981(94)90282-8Search in Google Scholar

7. Gerenova JB, Vulkov Y, Boeva S, Halacheva K. Diagnostic and prognostic value of antithyroid antibodies and serum thyroglobulin levels during treatment of Graves’ disease with Methimazole. J Endocrinologia 2001; 6: 16-18.Search in Google Scholar

8. Goh SY, Ho SC, Seah LL, Fong KS, Khoo DH. Thyroid auto-antibody profiles in ophthalmic dominant and thyroid dominant Graves’ disease differ and suggest ophthalmopathy is a multiantigenic disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004; 60: 600-607.10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02033.x15104563Search in Google Scholar

9. Khoo DH, Ho SC, Seah LL, et al. The combination of absent thyroid peroxidase antibodies and high thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin levels in Graves’ disease identifies a group at markedly increased risk of ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 1999; 9: 1175-1180.10.1089/thy.1999.9.117510646655Search in Google Scholar

10. Wright-Pascoe R, Smikle MF, Barton EN, James OB. Limited usefulness of antithyroperoxidase and antithyroglobulin assays in Jamaicans with Graves’ disease. Hum Antibodies 1999; 9: 161-164.10.3233/HAB-1999-9305Search in Google Scholar

11. Alnaqdy A, Al-Maskari M. Determination of the levels of antithyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody with thyroid peroxidase antibody in Omani patients with Graves’ disease. Med Princ Pract 2005; 14: 209-212.10.1159/00008573615961927Search in Google Scholar

12. Lantz M, Planck T, Asman P, Hallengren B. Increased TRAb and/or low anti-TPO titers at diagnosis of graves’ disease are associated with an increased risk of developing ophthalmopathy after onset. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2014; 122: 113-117.10.1055/s-0033-136319324554511Search in Google Scholar

13. Lastrzebska-Bohaterewicz E, Wojciechowska W, Gardas A. Place of thyroglobulin antibodies assay in laboratory diagnostic of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Endokrynol Pol 2005; 56: 30-34.Search in Google Scholar

14. Schott M, Eckstein A, Willenberg HS, Nguyen TB, Morgenthaler NG, Scherbaum WA. Improved prediction of relapse of Graves’ thyrotoxicosis by combined determination of TSH receptor and thyroperoxidase antibodies. Horm Metab Res 2007; 39: 56-61.10.1055/s-2007-95734717226115Search in Google Scholar

15. Goichot B, Bouée S, Castello-Bridoux C, Caron P. Survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of 992 hyperthyroid patients in France. Eur Thyroid J 2017; 6: 152-159.10.1159/000453260552719628785542Search in Google Scholar

16. Laurberg P, Nygaard B, Andersen S, et al. Association between TSH-receptor autoimmunity, hyperthyroidism, goitre, and orbitopathy in 208 patients included in the Remission Induction and Sustenance in Graves’ Disease Study. J Thyroid Res 2014;2014:165487.10.1155/2014/165487394516424696787Search in Google Scholar

17. Boyanov M, Bakalov D, Sheinkova G. Levels of thyroid auto-antibodies in patients with Graves Disease and Graves Ophtalmopathy. Turk J Endocrinol Metab 2010; 14: 50-53.Search in Google Scholar

18. Lee JH, Park SH, Koh DG, Suh BK. Thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity and triiodothyronine levels are associated with pediatric Graves’ ophthalmopathy. World J Pediatr 2014; 10: 155-159.10.1007/s12519-014-0476-y24668239Search in Google Scholar

19. Komaki T, Sakata S, Nakamura S, et al. Fluctuations in the titers of anti-thyroid hormone and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in 4 cases of Graves’ disease during long-term treatment period. Nihon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 1989; 65: 627-639.10.1507/endocrine1927.65.7_6272583311Search in Google Scholar

20. Marinò M, Chiovato L, Lisi S, et al. Role of thyroglobulin in the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: the hypothesis of Kriss revisited. J Endocrinol Invest 2004; 27: 230-236.10.1007/BF0334527115164998Search in Google Scholar

21. Shanmuganathan T, Girgis C, Lahooti H, et al. Does autoimmunity against thyroglobulin play a role in the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy: a review. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9: 2271-2276.10.2147/OPTH.S88444Search in Google Scholar

22. Brunn J, Block U, Ruf G, et al. Volumetrie der schilddrüse mittels Real-time-sonographie. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1981; 106: 1338-1340.10.1055/s-2008-10705067274082Search in Google Scholar

23. Niedziela M, Warzywoda M, Korman E. Thyroid echogeneity as a useful tool for the differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in the course of Graves disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis. Endokrynol Diabetol Chor Przemiany Materii Wieku Rozw 2000; 6: 143-150.Search in Google Scholar

24. Sahlmann CO, Siefker U, Lehmann K, et al. Quantitative thyroid scintigraphy for the differentiation of Graves’ disease and hyperthyroid autoimmune thyroiditis. Nuklearmedizin 2004; 43: 124-128.10.1055/s-0038-1625315Search in Google Scholar

25. Bartalena L, Baldeschi L, Dickinson AJ, et al. Consensus statement of the European group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) on management of Graves’ orbitopathy. Thyroid 2008; 18: 333-346.10.1089/thy.2007.031518341379Search in Google Scholar

26. Chardès T, Chapal N, Bresson D, et al. The human anti-thyroid peroxidase autoantibody repertoire in Graves’ and Hashimoto’s autoimmune thyroid diseases. Immunogenetics 2002; 54: 141-157.10.1007/s00251-002-0453-912073143Search in Google Scholar

27. Gardas A, Lewartowska A, Sutton BJ, et al. Human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) isoforms, TPO-1 and TPO-2: analysis of protein expression in Graves’ thyroid tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 3752-3757.10.1210/jc.82.11.3752Search in Google Scholar

28. Bossowski A, Stasiak-Barmuta A, Czarnocka B, et al. Application of mouse monoclonal antibodies for identification of antigen regions of human thyroid peroxidase in adolescents with Graves’ disease and non-toxic multinodular goiter by flow cytometry. Autoimmunity 2005; 38: 605-611.10.1080/0891693050031508416390813Search in Google Scholar

29. Zhyzhneuskaya S, Addison C, Tsatlidis V, et al. The Natural history of subclinical hyperthyroidism in Graves’ Disease: The rule of thirds. Thyroid 2016; 26: 765-769.10.1089/thy.2015.047027090092Search in Google Scholar

30. Hu YM, Liu W, Lu GH. Significance of combining tests of thyroid autoantibodies in differential diagnosis between Graves’s disease and Hashimoto’s hyperthyroidism. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2003; 83: 940-942.Search in Google Scholar

31. Lima, PC, Moura Neto A, Tambascia MA, Zantut Wittmann DE. Risk factors associated with benign and malignant thyroid nodules in autoimmune thyroid diseases. ISRN Endocrinol 2013: 673146. DOI: 10.1155/2013/673146.10.1155/2013/673146367764323762596Search in Google Scholar

32. Scherer T, Wohlschlaeger-Krenn E, Bayerle-Eder M, et al. A case of simultaneous occurrence of Marine – Lenhart syndrome and a papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. BMC Endocr Disord 2013; 13: 16.10.1186/1472-6823-13-16365494223657056Search in Google Scholar

33. Goh SY, Ho SC, Seah LL, et al. Thyroid autoantibody profiles in ophthalmic dominant and thyroid dominant Graves’ disease differ and suggest ophthalmopathy is a multiantigenic disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004; 60: 600-607.10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02033.x15104563Search in Google Scholar

34. Khoo DH, Eng PH, Ho SC, et al. Graves’ ophthalmopathy in the absence of elevated free thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels: prevalence, natural history, and thyrotropin receptor antibody levels. Thyroid 2000; 10: 1093-1100.10.1089/thy.2000.10.109311201855Search in Google Scholar

35. Lai OF, Zaiden N, Goh SS, et al. Detection of thyroid peroxidase mRNA and protein in orbital tissue. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 155: 213-218.10.1530/eje.1.0220516868133Search in Google Scholar

36. Molnár I, Szentmiklósi JA, Somogyiné-Vári É. Hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy, and thyroidal, skeletal and eye muscle specific type 2 deiodinase enzyme activities. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2017; 125: 514-521.10.1055/s-0043-11383128750432Search in Google Scholar

37. Segundo C, Rodríguez C, Aguilar M, et al. Differences in thyroid-infiltrating B lymphocytes in patients with Graves’ disease: relationship to autoantibody detection. Thyroid 2004; 14: 337-344.10.1089/10507250477419315915186609Search in Google Scholar

38. Vos XG, Endert E, Zwinderman AH, et al. Predicting the risk of recurrence before the start of antithyroid drug therapy in patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101: 1381-1389.10.1210/jc.2015-364426863422Search in Google Scholar

39. Marinò M, Lisi S, Pinchera A, et al. Identification of thyroglobulin in orbital tissues of patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 2001; 11: 177-185.10.1089/10507250130004292911288989Search in Google Scholar

40. Konishi J, Herman MM, Kriss JP. Binding of thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin-antithyroglobulin immune complex to extraocular muscle membrane. Endocrinology 1974; 95: 434-446.10.1210/endo-95-2-4344136562Search in Google Scholar

41. Endo T, Kobayashi T. Immunization with thyroglobulin induces Graves’-like disease in mice. J Endocrinol 2009; 202: 217-22.10.1677/JOE-09-0089271097519491147Search in Google Scholar

42. Kampmann E, Diana T, Kanitz M, Hoppe D, Kahaly GJ. Thyroid stimulating but not blocking autoantibodies are highly prevalent in severe and active thyroid-associated orbitopathy: A prospective study. Int J Endocrinol 2015:678194.10.1155/2015/678194449938726221139Search in Google Scholar