Atherogenic Impact of Homocysteine: Can HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Additionally Influence Hyperhomocysteinaemia?

1. Brites FD, Bonavita CD, Cloes M, Yael M. VLDL Compositional changes and plasma levels of triglycerides and high density lipoproteins. Clinica Chimica Acta. 1998;269:107 124.10.1016/S0009-8981(97)00193-9Search in Google Scholar

2. Goldberg DM. The Plasma Lipoprotein system. Clinical Biochemistry Reviews. 1981;2:341–353.Search in Google Scholar

3. Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, editors. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Sunders; 1996. Lipids, Apolipoproteins and Lipoproteins; pp. 375–386.Search in Google Scholar

4. Cummings KC. Lipid and Cardiac Risk profiles. Clinical Chemistry. 2003;47:407–409.Search in Google Scholar

5. Castelli WP. Cholesterol and lipids in the risk of coronary artery disease-the Framingham Heart study. Can J Cardiol. 1988;4:5–10Search in Google Scholar

6. Hokanson JE, Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor to cardio vascular disease independent of high density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta analysis of population based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996;3:213–219.Search in Google Scholar

7. Guerin M, Legoff W, Lassel TS, VanTol A, Steiner G, Chapman MJ. Proatherogenic role of elevated CE transfer from HDL to VLDL and dense LDL in type 2 diabetics. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:282–287.10.1161/01.ATV.21.2.282Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

8. Gaziano JM, Henne kens CH, O’Donnell CJ, Breslow JL, Buring JE. Fasting triglycerides, high density lipo-protein, and risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1997;96:2520–2525.10.1161/01.CIR.96.8.2520Search in Google Scholar

9. Dobiasova M, Frohlich J. The plasma parameter log (TG/HDL-C) as an atherogenic index: correlation with lipoprotein particle size and esterification rate in apo B-lipoprotein-depleted plasma. (FERHDL) Clin Biochem. 2001;34:583–588.10.1016/S0009-9120(01)00263-6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

10. Jakubowski H. Proofreading in vivo. Editing of homo-cysteine by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:17672–17673.Search in Google Scholar

11. Jakubowski H. Metabolism of homocysteine thiolac-tone in human cell cultures. Possible mechanism for pathological consequences of elevated homocysteine levels. J Biol Chem. 1997;272:1935–1942.10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67504-6Search in Google Scholar

12. Jakubowski H. Synthesis of homocysteine thiolactone in normal and malignant cells. In: Rosenberg IH, Graham I, Ueland PM, Refsum H, editors. Homocysteine metabolism: from basic science to clinical medicine. Norwell: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1997. pp. 157–165.10.1007/978-1-4615-5771-5_22Search in Google Scholar

13. Jakubowski H. Protein homocysteinylation: possible mechanism underlying pathological consequences of elevated homocysteine levels. Faseb J. 1999;13:2277–2283.1059387510.1096/fasebj.13.15.2277Search in Google Scholar

14. Jakubowski H. Calcium-dependent human serum homo-cysteine thiolactone hydrolase. A protective mechanism against protein N-homocysteinylation. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:3957–3962. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.6.3957.10.1074/jbc.275.6.3957Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

15. Jakubowski H. The determination of homocysteinethiolactone in biological samples. Anal Biochem. 2002;308:112–119. doi: 10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00224-5.10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00224-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

16. Eriksson M. [Statins have other beneficial properties besides their cholesterol lowering effect]. Lakartidningen. 1998 Aug 26;95(35):3670-2. Review. Swedish. PubMed PMID: 9748780Search in Google Scholar

17. Demacher M, Hijamaus A. A study of the use of polyethylene glycol in estimating cholesterol. Clin Chem. 1980; 26:1775.10.1093/clinchem/26.13.1775Search in Google Scholar

18. Foster L, Dunn R. Stable reagens for the determination os serum triglycerides by a colorimetric Hantzch condensation method. J Clin Chem 1973; 19:338.10.1093/clinchem/19.3.338Search in Google Scholar

19. Roberts WC. The Friedewald-Levy-Fredrickson formula for calculating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, the basis for lipid-lowering therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62:345–6.10.1016/0002-9149(88)90248-2Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

20. Zlatkis A, Zak B, Boyle A. A new method for the direct determination of cholesterol. J lab Clin Med. 1953;41:486–486Search in Google Scholar

21. Niroumand S, Khajedaluee M, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, et al. Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP): A marker of cardiovascular disease. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 2015;29:240.Search in Google Scholar

22. Brunt EM, Tiniakos DG. Alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In: Odze RD, Goldblum JR, eds, editors. Surgical Pathology of the GI Tract, Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2009. pp. 1007–101410.1016/B978-141604059-0.50044-8Search in Google Scholar

23. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, Ferrell LD, Liu YC, Torbenson MS, Unalp-Arida A, et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41:1313–1321.10.1002/hep.2070115915461Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

24. Nikolic T, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I, Stojic I, Jeremic N, Jeremic J, Radonjic K, Stankovic S, Obrenovic R, Djuric D, Jakovljevic V. Effects of atorvastatin and simvastatin on oxidative stress in diet-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in Wistar albino rats: a comparative study. Mol Cell Biochem. 2017 Jun 15. doi: 10.1007/s11010-017-3099-5.10.1007/s11010-017-3099-528620818Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

25. Brown DJ. New guidelines for low-density lipoprotein levels fron the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP): a 2004 update. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2004 Fall;19(4):165. PubMed PMID: 15539979.10.1111/j.0889-7204.2003.02910.x15539979Search in Google Scholar

26. King A. Cardioprotective effects of HDL cholesterol called into question. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2012;9 [PubMed]10.1038/nrcardio.2012.8022665321Search in Google Scholar

27. Rekhter MD. How to evaluate plaque vulnerability in animal models of atherosclerosis? Cardiovascular research. 2002;54:36–41.Search in Google Scholar

28. Bhandari U, Pathan RA, Kumar V, Khanna N. Ameliorative role of atorvastatin on methionine-induced hyperhomcysteinemia and hematological changes in albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2011: 132-9.Search in Google Scholar

29. Matté C, Stefanello FM, Mackedanz V, Pederzolli CD, Lamers ML, Dutra-Filho CS, Dos Santos MF, Wyse AT. Homocysteine induces oxidative stress, inflammatory infiltration, fibrosis and reduces glycogen/glycoprotein content in liver of rats. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2009; 27(4):337-44. 7.10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.03.00519460627Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

30. Zhang R, Ma J, Xia M, Zhu H, Ling WH. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia Induced by feeding Rats Diets Rich in Methionine or Deficient in Folate Promotes Early Atherosclerotic Inflamammatory Processes. J Nutr. 2004: 825-30.10.1093/jn/134.4.82515051832Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

31. Ankur Rohilla, M. U. Khan, Razia Khanam. Cardioprotective potential of simvastatin in the hyperhomocysteinemic rat heart. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2012; 3(3): 193–198.10.4103/2231-4040.101018345945023057007Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

32. Rohilla A, Ahmad A, Khan MU, Khanam R. A comparative study on the cardioprotective potential of atorvastatin and simvastatin in hyperhomocysteinemic rat hearts. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;764:48-54.10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.045Search in Google Scholar

33. Olszewski AJ, McCully KS. Homocysteine content of lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 1991 May;88(1):61-8. PubMed PMID: 1878010.10.1016/0021-9150(91)90257-4Search in Google Scholar

34. Malik J, Melenovsky V, Wichterle D et al. Both fenofibrate and atorvastatin improve vascular reactivity in combined hyperlipidemia (fenofibrate versus atorvastatin trial-FAT). Cardiovasc Res 2001: 290-8. 12.10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00382-011684077Open DOISearch in Google Scholar

35. Luftjohann D, Sigit IJ, Locatelli S, Bergmann VK. High-dose simvastatin (80mg/day) decreases plasma concentrations of total homocysteine in patients with hyper-cholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis. 2001: 265-6.10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00735-8Open DOISearch in Google Scholar