Electrochemotherapy with bleomycin of different types of cutaneous tumours in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
Article Category: Research Article
Published Online: Dec 07, 2017
Page range: 98 - 104
Received: Oct 03, 2017
Accepted: Nov 05, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/raon-2017-0057
© 2018 Jozko Racnik, Tanja Svara, Marko Zadravec, Mitja Gombac, Maja Cemazar, Gregor Sersa, Natasa Tozon
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Tumours are common health problem in domestic pet ferrets (
Most frequently, MCTs appear on the extremities, following the trunk and head or neck. They are usually small (1–4 mm in diameter), round to plaque-like nodules with surface crusting.3 In some cases, animals develop local pruritus, and overlying skin may be ulcerated due to self-trauma.1 In ferrets, MCTs are considered clinically benign and they do not spread locally or metastasize.1,3 However, there are some suggestions about visceral involvement and malignant behaviour of this tumours.4
Sebaceous adenomas are benign tumours, which involve only skin and may occur anywhere on the body. They are firm, warty and often multinodular, sometimes looking very similar to MCTs. They can be ulcerated, irritated and traumatised with local inflammation.2,4
Squamous papilloma is very rare skin tumour of ferrets with only one case noted in a study of 1,525 ferret neoplasia’s collected in years 1990 to 2000.5 Although there is some evidence that some squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the skin in ferrets can be associated with papillomavirus6, possible viral aetiology of cutaneous squamous papilloma in ferrets was yet not investigated. Moreover, recent publications suggested that, squamous papilloma of skin and conjunctiva in dogs are not connected with papillomaviruses.7
Fine needle aspiration (FNA), incisional or excisional biopsy are recommended to confirm the diagnosis of any cutaneous tumour.2 Early excisional surgery is the treatment of choice, and wide surgical margins are always advisable.2,5 However, some tumours are large with invading surrounding tissue on unsuitable sites, which makes the closure of defect after surgery, and consequently preservation of function, difficult. ECT is a new anti-neoplastic therapy in veterinary medicine that combines administration of a chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin or bleomycin, with electric pulses to the tumour.8
The aim of our study was to investigate the effectiveness of electrochemotherapy (ECT), as a new, minimally invasive non-surgical method, for treatment of different types of ferret skin tumours located on surgically difficult sites.
First patient was a 5-year-old castrated male ferret with two cutaneous masses presented 4 months apart. First mass (0.8 cm x 0.8 cm x 0.5 cm) was located on the laterodorsal tail base (tumour 1), while the second one (1.2 cm x 1.0 cm 0.7 cm) was found on the lateral side of the right hock (tumour 2). The ferret had no major health issues since the initial presentation, and masses apparently did not produce any health problems or discomfort. Regular health checks and vaccinations were carried out every year.
Second patient was a 7-year-old spayed female ferret with two cutaneous masses that appeared simultaneously on two locations. First mass (0.7 cm x 0.7 cm x 0.5 cm) was located on the lateral side of the left hock (tumour 3) (Figure 1), while the location of the second mass (0.4 cm x 0.4 cm x 0.2 cm) was dorsolateral on the left chest region (tumour 4). Before the initial presentation, the ferret had a history of insulinoma managed with diet, corticosteroids and regular glucose measurements. On physical examination, both patients were alert, bright and responsive with body masses of 1700 g and 430 g respectively. Incisional biopsies of tumours 1, 3 and 4, and FNA of tumour 2 were obtained under general gaseous anaesthesia, and histopathology and cytology were done. Briefly, samples for histopathology were fixed in 10% buffered formaline and routinely embedded in paraffin. Four-μm-thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined microscopically. Cytological smears were stained with Hemacolor (Merck®, Darmstadt, Germany).
Macroscopic presentation of squamous papilloma (Tumour 4).Figure 1
Histopathological examination of the tumour 1 presented as nonencapsulated, slightly infiltrative tumour composed of round cells that exhibited mild anisocytosis. Neoplastic cells had a moderate amount of pale blue cytoplasm and round nuclei that exhibited mild anisokaryosis. Additional Toluidine blue staining revealed numerous cytoplasmic metachromatic granules. Mitotic figures were rare.
Cytological samples of the tumour 2 (Figure 2) contained moderate number of the neoplastic cells with the morphology similar to neoplastic cells in the tumour 1. Single eosinophils were scattered between neoplastic cells.
Cytological presentation of mast cell tumours (Tumour 2). Hemacolor, 400 x.Figure 2
Histopathology of tumour 3 (Figure 3) exhibited epithelial tumour that formed papillary projections supported by a fine to moderate fibrovascular core. Papillary projections were covered with well-differentiated squamous epithelial cells. Changes characteristic for papilloma, such as enlarged keratohyalin granules, koilocytes and intranuclear inclusions, were not present. Mitotic figures were 6 per 10 high power fields (HPF). The stroma was diffusely moderately infiltrated with neutrophils.
Histological presentation of squamous papilloma (Tumour 4). Hematoxylin and eosin stain, 100 x.Figure 3
Histopathology of tumour 4 exhibited lobular tumour that consisted predominantly of cells with sebaceous differentiation (sebocytes) and peripheral layer of basaloid reserve cells. Sebocytes were round to oval, exhibited moderate anisocytosis and had finely vacuolated cytoplasm. Basaloid reserve cells were cuboid and had a small amount of basophilic cytoplasm, and round to oval nuclei. Mitotic figures were rare, 3 per 10 HPF, and confined to basaloid reserve cells.
In the first patient, both masses were diagnosed as MCTs, and in the second patient, squamous papilloma of hock region and sebaceous adenoma of chest region were diagnosed. Haematology, serum biochemistry, total body radiographs, and abdominal ultrasound were performed for staging. Whole body radiographs and abdominal ultrasound investigations showed no evidence of health problems or distant metastasis. In the first patient, the haematology showed no abnormal findings, most of serum biochemistry values were within reference range; only urea nitrogen (12.4 mmol/L; reference 3.93–8.93 mmol/L9) and creatinine (128 umol/L; reference 26.52–70.72 μmol/L9) were elevated suggesting early kidney disease. Also in the second patient, haematology results showed no abnormal findings; however, serum biochemistry showed elevated aspartate aminotransferase (248 U/L; reference 78–140 U/L9) and decreased values of glucose (2.8 mmol/L; reference 5.5–7.5 mmol/L9), most probably due to insulinoma and chronic gastroenteritis. The treatment possibilities, including surgery, were discussed with the owner. Due to unsuitable locations for surgical treatment and contemporary morbidities, ECT was selected as the minimally invasive treatment option. The owners were thoroughly informed about the procedure and its possible side effects and signed informed consent for application of electrochemotherapy.
For the ECT, patients were anesthetised using isoflurane and 0.5 mg ~ volume of 0.1 ml of bleomycin (3 mg/ml) was injected intratumourally using 29 gauge needle (Figure 4, 5). After 1–2 minutes, eight electric pulses of 100 μs duration with amplitude to electrode distance ratio of 1300 V/cm and frequency of 5 kHz were delivered using plate electrodes (distance between the electrodes: 6 mm) (Figures 6, 7). Good contact between the electrodes and tumour mass was obtained by application of conductive gel to the treatment area. Electric pulses were generated by the electric pulse generator (CliniporatorTM - IGEA srl, Carpi [MO], Italy). The entire tumour was exposed to electric pulses by moving the electrodes perpendicular through the whole volume of mass and the surrounding skin, starting on the tumour periphery. The duration of each ECT cycle was approximately 15 minutes, and in both cases, the recovery from anaesthesia was uneventful. Meloxicam (Loxicom; Norbrook Laboratories) in a dose 0.2 mg/kg/day9 was prescribed for 3 consecutive days orally after every cycle of ECT to reduce pain and inflammation.
Intralessional injection of bleomycin into mast cell tumour (Tumour 2) located laterally on the right hock. Note the size of tumor and surgicaly chalenging anatomical location.Figure 4
Intralessional injection of bleomycin into squamous papilloma (Tumour 4).Figure 5
Electric pulses were delivered to the mast cell tumour (Tumour 2) using plate electordes.Figure 6
Electric pulses were delivered to the squamous papilloma (Tumour 4) using plate electordes.Figure 7
After the treatment, the patients were examined at regular intervals, depending on the owner’s visit of clinic, to evaluate the treatment response. At each visit, the treated tumours were examined and photographed. In the meantime, the owner observed the treated area and reported the progress.
No local or/and systemic side effects were noted during or after ECT. During ECT, some muscle contractions of the patients were observed after the application of each train of electric pulses. The contractions were mild, disappearing after the end of each train of electric pulses. All tumours became necrotic and regressed. In the first patient, the MCT located on the laterodorsal tail base became necrotic on day 6 and a complete response (CR) was seen approximately 1 month after ECT, while the second MCT found on the lateral side of the right hock became necrotic on day 15 and CR was seen approximately two months (67 days) after ECT (Figure 9). In second patient, both tumours became necrotic on day 8 (Figure 8) and CRs were seen 70 days after ECT (Figure 10). In first patient, no tumour growth has been seen during the observation period of 15 months after ECT of the tumour located on the tail base, and 11 months after ECT of the tumour located on the right hock. In second patient, no tumour recurrence was detected 8 months after treatment.
N ecrosis with superficial scab of squamous papilloma (Tumour 4) 8 days after electrochemotherapy.Figure 8
Complete response of mast cell tumour (Tumour 2) - 67 days after electrochemotherapy.Figure 9
Complete response of squamous papilloma (Tumour 4) - 70 days after electrochemotherapy.Figure 10
ECT with bleomycin as a single treatment was an effective treatment of cutaneous neoplasms; MCTs, sebaceous adenoma, and squamous papilloma in our cases. ECT was well tolerated by the patients and is a minimally invasive procedure with no major side effects noted, with excellent responses and long-lasting CR. In first patient, no tumour growth was seen during observation period of 15 months after ECT of the tumour located on the tail base, and 11 months after ECT of the tumour located on the right hock. In second patient, no tumour regrowth was seen 8 months after treatment. Different studies reported an excellent treatment response of ECT with cisplatin or bleomycin in tumours of different histology with minimal side effects in dogs10,11, cats12, horses13, pet rats14, and reptiles15,16. In our cases, only some muscle contractions of the patient were observed during the application of electric pulses. The contractions were mild, disappearing after the end of each train of electric pulses. In animals, pain during ECT can be avoided using sedation and/or general anaesthesia.10,11,12,13,14,15,16 Gaseous anaesthesia with isoflurane was used in our cases to prevent pain and facilitate proper position of patients for tumour manipulation, the application of chemotherapeutic agent, and positioning of electrodes. Meloxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic was prescribed to the patients before and after ECT to reduce pain and inflammation.9 According to the literature, surgery with wide margins is advised as the first treatment option for benign skin tumours in ferrets2,5, but this therapeutic option is not always applicable due to anatomical locations. In author’s experience, some skin tumours could be quite large and located on toe, hock or footpad. Thus, aggressive surgery could result in loss of physiological function of a body part and a non-favourable cosmetic effect of therapy. In both ferrets, the tumour locations were not optimally positioned for surgery, and complications could arise with the skin defect too big for adequate closure. In that context, new therapies like ECT are highly beneficial, because of good anti-tumour effectiveness, combined with excellent functional and cosmetic effects, while being less invasive than surgery.8,10,11,12
Neoplastic diseases are commonly seen in ferrets, and medical treatment of tumours with chemotherapy is well reported.1,17,18 Different chemotherapeutic agents are used in ferret oncology, including bleomycin.17,19 Bleomycin is an antitumour antibiotic commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. In exotic pets, bleomycin was used intralesionally in the treatment of SCC in a greater hedgehog tenrec (
The drawback of our study is that it presents the ECT treatment effectiveness on only two patients. For broader acceptance of ECT in treatment of tumours in ferrets larger cohort of patients and higher number of tumours is needed. Though this study as the first provides evidence of safety and effectiveness of ECT in this specific animal species.
In conclusion, ECT with bleomycin proved to be safe and effective against cutaneous MCTs, squamous papilloma, and sebaceous gland adenoma in ferrets. Because of good effectiveness, low cost, and a relatively easy procedure ECT could represent a good treatment of choice instead of surgery for selected skin tumours in ferrets.