Abstract
Background. Depression, anxiety and chronic pain are frequent co-occurrent disorders. Patients with these mental disorders experience more intense pain that lasts for a longer time.
Method. Questionnaire with 228 variables was applied to 109 randomly chosen patients that were treated at an outpatient clinic for treatment of chronic pain of the University Clinical Centre Ljubljana from March to June 2013. 87 patients responded to the questionnaire (79.8%). Location of pain considering diagnosis was the criterion in the discriminant analysis (soft tissue disorders; headache; symptoms not elsewhere classified; back pain) and following summative scores as predictors: level of depression and anxiety (The Zung Self-Rating Depression/Anxiety Scale), evaluation of pain and perceptions of being threatened in social relations.
Results. Average age of participants was M = 52.7 years (SD 13.9), with 70.9% female, 29.1% male participants. 63% of respondents achieved clinically important level of depression and 54% clinically important level of anxiety. On univariate level, the highest level of depression and anxiety was found for back pain and the lowest for headache. No significant difference was found in evaluation of pain and perceptions of being threatened in social relations regarding location of pain. Self-evaluation of depression has, in the framework of discriminant analysis, the largest weight for prediction of differentiation between different locations of pain.
Conclusion. Different locations of pain have different connections with mood levels. The results of research on a preliminary level indicate the need to consider mental experience in the treatment of chronic pain
IZVLEČEK
Izhodišče. Depresija in anksioznost sta pogosti sočasni duševni motnji s kronično bolečino. Bolniki s tema motnjama doživljajo intenzivnejšo bolečino, ki traja dlje časa. Obstajajo tudi socialno-kontekstualni dejavniki bolečine, kot so spremenjena socialna vloga človeka s kronično bolečino oziroma socialna izločenost.
Metoda. Vprašalnike z 228 spremenljivkami smo aplicirali na 109 naključno izbranih bolnikov, ki so se zdravili v Ambulanti za zdravljenje bolečine Kliničnega centra Ljubljana od marca do junija 2013. 87 bolnikov je izpolnilo vprašalnik (79,8 %). V diskriminantni analizi je bil kriterij lokacija bolečine glede na diagnozo (motnja mehkih tkiv; glavobol in živčni pleteži; nespecifični simptomi; bolezni hrbta), kot prediktorji pa seštevne vrednosti depresivnosti (Zungova samoocenjevalna lestvica depresivnosti), anksioznosti (Zungova samoocenjevalna lestvica anksioznosti), evalvacije bolečine in zaznave lastne ogroženosti v socialnih odnosih zaradi bolečine.
Rezultati. Povprečna starost udeležencev je bila 52,7 leta (SD 13,9), 70,9 % žensk in 29,1 % moških. 63 % jih je doseglo klinično pomembno raven depresivnosti in 54 % klinično pomembno raven anksioznosti. Na univariatni ravni smo ugotavljali najvišjo raven depresivnosti in anksioznosti pri lokaciji bolečine v hrbtu, najnižjo pri glavobolu. Med prediktorji diskriminantne analize ima za napoved razlikovanja med bolečinskimi lokacijami izrazito največjo težo samoocena depresivnosti. Gre za zelo visoko korelacijo (0,93). Raven depresivnosti v naturalističnem vzorcu protibolečinske ambulante najbolje napoveduje lokacijo/diagnozo bolečine. Če so udeleženci ocenjevali raven svoje depresivnosti kot visoko, so sodili v skupino z diagnozo bolečine v hrbtu. Udeleženci z diagnozo bolečine v hrbtu tudi v pomembno večjem številu še vedno prebolevajo resne stresorje iz preteklega leta kot udeleženci z drugimi lokacijami bolečine. Udeleženci z lokacijo bolečine glavobol se glede raziskovanih spremenljivk (depresivnost, anksioznost, evalvacija bolečine, zaznava lastne ogroženosti v socialnih odnosih zaradi bolečine) najbolj razlikujejo od udeležencev z drugimi tremi lokacijami bolečine; najbolj so si podobni udeleženci z lokacijo mehkih tkiv in diagnozo nespecifičnih simptomov. Udeleženci pa se glede na lokacijo bolečine niso razlikovali med seboj glede tega, kako škodljivo doživljajo bolečino in kako prizadete se počutijo zaradi bolečine v svojih socialnih odnosih.
Zaključek. Različne lokacije bolečine se na različen način povezujejo z različno ravnijo razpoloženja. V raziskovanem vzorcu je ocena ravni lastne depresivnosti ekskluzivni napovedovalec lokacije bolečine. Rezultati raziskave na preliminarni ravni kažejo potrebo po upoštevanju duševnega doživljanja pri obravnavi bolnikov s kronično bolečino
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