<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold><italic>Introduction</italic></bold>. The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of Physical Education (PE) studies at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (FPE&amp;S) of the University of Physical Education (UPE) in Warsaw. <bold><italic>Material and methods</italic></bold>. The study was carried out among the students and graduates of two unified education cycles by means of the documents analysis and the diagnostic poll method with the use of a posted questionnaire. The analysis encompassed the level of preparation for undertaking the studies, academic merits, sport achievements, other experience gained by the examined in the course of the studies and the "output effect" in the form of gained competences. <bold><italic>Results</italic></bold>. As a result of the study, it was established that the PE studies were undertaken mostly by physically well-prepared graduates of secondary schools whose level of theoretical knowledge was quite low. In the course of the studies, the examined scored average academic merits. The studies constituted for them an opportunity to gain new competences, mainly in the field of physical education. Sporadically, students' activities were directed at educational, organisational and social spheres. <bold><italic>Conclusions</italic></bold>. In the light of the obtained results, amendments in the national curriculum and changes in physical education teaching methodology seem crucial. Apart from gaining competences pertaining to a particular graduate's profile, development of creative skills, and shaping the proper attitude and behaviour seem vital.</abstract>

The Course and Didactic Results of Master's Studies in Physical Education

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> The aim of this study was to assess the motivating and informing activities taken by physical education teachers in the classes devoted to shaping students' motor skills. <bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> The study was carried out in 55 secondary schools from Lublin region. It covered 30 female teachers and 52 male teachers representing all levels of career advancement. Material was collected on the basis of specially developed lesson observation sheet. On this basis, the information of 315 lessons was obtained. <bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> The data were analyzed in relation to gender and professional promotion of the subjects. It was found that the respondents did better with informing than motivating activities, and in their implementation there were no major differences between female and male teachers. The tendency to change the level of the analyzed activities according to the professional promotion status occurred only among male teachers. <bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> Analysis showed that the teachers should place more emphasis on motivating activities, and especially on convincing students about the possibilities in the use of after-school activity of what they mastered in the classroom.</abstract>

Activities of Physical Education Teachers in the Process of Forming Motor Skills of the Students

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> The aim of this work was to explore sports activities among various socio-professional groups based on the example of the inhabitants of Warsaw. <bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> The sample comprised of 6547 inhabitants of Warsaw - representatives of 16 professional groups. The study was conducted with the use of an especially designed questionnaire, featuring two sections - the first one devoted to organised sport, and the second and on the participation in sport leisure (regular, periodical, sporadic) within the previous year. In keeping with the European definition, sport is understood as both competitive sport, and regular sport leisure or recreation. The survey was carried out by trained interviewers exclusively in March and November 2006-2008. <bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> Participation in sport activities among Poles increased not only compared to other European countries, but also to previous Polish studies, as it pertained to 43% of Warsaw inhabitants. The proportion of Warsaw residents involved in organised sport amounted to 6%, and those involved in regular recreation to 41%. Pupils and students are the most active both in sport and in leisure. Nearly 19% of pupils and nearly 8% of students are involved in organised sport activities, while for sport leisure this proportion amounts to 55% and 50% respectively. In the case of both competitive sport activities and leisure the number of men exceeds the number of women involved in them. <bold><italic>Conclusions.</italic></bold> Sport activities that Poles involve in are still not close to the recommended WHO and ATMS norms.</abstract>

Warsaw School of Economics, Physical Education and Sport Centre

The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw

Participation in Competitive Sport and Sport Leisure Among Working Inhabitants of Warsaw Based on Selected Groups

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold><italic>Introduction</italic></bold>. The concept of self-upbringing is identified with self-activity, building and shaping one's character, selfimprovement and self-realization. The aim of the research was to define the degree of self-upbringing of first year physical education students taking into consideration self-reflection on their behaviour. <bold><italic>Material and methods</italic></bold>. The method applied in the research was the diagnostic survey and the accompanying research technique was a questionnaire called ‘The questionnaire of self-upbringing activity’ designed by Tatarowicz. The survey was conducted in Academic Year 2008/2009 among 667 respondents in the eight state and non-state Polish universities. <bold><italic>Results</italic></bold>. The results show that students (57%) tend to do self-reflection. The major reasons for this were failures in life and behaviour against prevailing norms. The majority of questioned (72.0%) showed a high degree of complacency that was due to self-acceptance and the state of feeling good in the accepted community. The participants who declared a lower degree of complacency claimed that it was due to different kinds of failures, a sense of having many faults and the awareness of making mistakes. On the hole, the participants did not feel different or distinct in regard to other people - more than 70.0%. Those that have such a feeling claim that the differences concern mainly the look and the way of behaving. <bold><italic>Conclusions</italic></bold>. An important role in searching the specific ways of coping with negative sides of life plays constant education and the state of self-upbringing which influences the awareness and the development of an individual.</abstract>

The Signs of Self-Reflection in Building Character Among First-Year Physical Education Students

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold><italic>Introduction</italic></bold>. Given the unfavorable economic conditions prevailing in Poland at the turn of the century (system transformation), it seemed advisable to investigate whether parents' education, generally associated positively with the economic situation of the family, still plays an important role in somatic and motor development of their children. <bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> The study involved 715 boys, aged 10, 14 and 18, born in the years 1988-1996 and coming from one of the least economically developed region of the country (Lubelskie Vivodeship). Because of parents' education, respondents were divided into two groups: born in families with higher (A) and lower (B) education. Somatic development was assessed based on measurements of height, weight and BMI, and physical fitness on the basis of <italic>Eurofit</italic> test. Arithmetic means of the somatic and fitness features was normalized according to the arithmetic means and SD of the whole material. <bold><italic>Results</italic></bold>. Group A was characterized by higher values of the somatic parameters and lower values of motor parameters as compared to group B. Standardization of the results showed that the larger deviation from the average value for the whole material in most somatic and certain fitness features occurred in group B. <bold><italic>Conclusions</italic></bold>. Despite the unfavorable economic conditions, in which surveyed boys were born and grew up, there was a positive relationship between education of parents and somatic development. This dependency was not observed in the case study of the impact of education of parents on the physical fitness of boys.</abstract>

The Importance of Parents' Education in the Morphofunctional Development of Adolescent Boys from the Lublin Region

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Diabetes is a disease affecting people of all races in the world, it can appear at any age. It is considered to be social disease due to the incidence and complications. It is a disease of complex etiology, classified as a metabolic disease with chronic hyperglycemia. It requires intensive hypoglicemizing therapy. There are two types of diabetes: type I and type II with different etiologies and varied clinical picture.In the case of prolonged illness serious complications develop, from which, however, the sick may be saved, on condition of the patient's absolute submission to the rigors of treatment. It is possible to live an active life and even practice sports. Extremely important in this case is the correct blood glucose, providing for adjusted glucose homeostasis, which is promoted by physical activity. Physical exercise can be an important therapeutic agent in treating diabetes, provided the criteria of its physiological tolerance are determined. It is vital that an individual approach to the patient is made, associated with the duration of the disease and existing complications. Patient education in monitoring patients' glucose levels is important, i.e. the efficiency in the implementation of individual insulin therapy and hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia self-prevention during and after physical exercise. Patients who decide to practice sport should find the optimal way to control exercise, and diet during and after exercise, then the sporting success is possible.</abstract>

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Department of Physiology, The Josef Pilsudski Uniwersity of Physical Education in Warsaw

Diabetes Vs. Physical Exercise

<abstract xml:lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><bold><italic>Introduction.</italic></bold> Identification of gender is one of the most important dimensions of building a sense of self-identity; it is also one of the basic criteria for identifying individuals by society. The aim of this study was to determine the types of psychological gender football female players (taking into account the formation), i.e. the sport deemed "masculine". <bold><italic>Material and methods.</italic></bold> The research group was composed of the female players of the Polish national football team, seniors (n = 26), youth team under the age of 19 (n = 21) and the Polish extra league club athletes (n = 16). The tool research was the "Inventory to assess psychological gender (IPP)" by Kuczyńska. <bold><italic>Results.</italic></bold> Nearly 70% female football players were included in the androgynous type, while 20% were the persons representing the so-called specified psychological type. The most important feature identifying cultural gender patterns, selected by the female players was "tolerant" - feature of the cultural stereotype known to be neutral, as well as the characteristics attributed to both women and men: "friendly" and "nice". <bold><italic>Conclusion.</italic></bold> The studies allow for determining the dominant type of psychological gender of female players as androgynous, which is highly expressed combined male and female characteristics.</abstract>

Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biała Podlaska

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, The Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw

Sense of Gender Identity in Women Practicing Football with Consideration of the Formation

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Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism

The Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism (ISSN: 1899-1998, e-ISSN: 2082-8799) publishes manuscripts in Polish and English encompassing external various fields of medical and health sciences, physical culture and natural sciences linked with sport, physical education, sports medicine as well as tourism and physical recreation.  The journal publishes the following types of papers:    original research papers (maximum 12 standard pages of typescript, including tables, figures, references and abstract),  review papers commissioned by the Editor (maximum 20 standard pages of typescript, including documentation),  short communications (maximum 3 standard pages of typescript plus one table or figure and up to 5 references),  letters to the Editor expressing an opinion on previously published manuscripts or a comment connected with the journal’s issues (maximum 2 standard pages of typescript),  news (information on conferences, abstracts of Ph.D. thesis and Post-Doc. thesis, book reviews, biographical notes),  advertisements that may be printed on separate pages of the periodical (prices are subject to individual negotiations).   Why subscribe and read   High standard of contents;  Good publishing quality available in both forms, electronic and printed;  The journal presents the views of all scientific disciplines dealing with physical education, recreation, tourism, health and fitness, and sport science;   Why submit   Indexed in abstracting databases and evaluated by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education;  Fair and constructive peer review by experts in the field;  The journal is developing very rapidly;   The journal does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges;   Rejection Rate   80%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  