<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The author presents evolution of views on cartographic generalization since it was defined by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_075_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac75Aa">Emil von Sydow (1866)</xref> until today. It is divided into three chapters which present the evolution of views on cartographic generalization, models of generalization and digital generalization, respectively.Views on the topic of generalization evolved in the direction of broadening the term itself and towards a different perception of its nature. Originally generalization was understood as a process which can be performed on maps only. Now the prevailing understanding is that it begins earlier, at the conceptual stage of map making. Determination of the method of contents’ presentation is an indication of such generalization.The character of generalization is another important aspect of the discussion on its nature. The notion of a subjective nature of generalization, expressed, among others, by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_014_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac14Aa">Max Eckert (1921)</xref>, was originally predominant. Later there also appeared different opinions, allowing its objectivization (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_068_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac68Aa">K.A. Saliszczew 1998</xref>). This direction helped to result in automation of the process of generalization of map contents. Currently a dualism in perceiving generalization can be observed, with a strong bias towards its objective aspect.In a separate chapter the author discusses conceptual models of generalization proposed by: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_059_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac59Aa">L. Ratajski (1967</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_061_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac61Aa">1973)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_038_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac38Aa">J. Morrison (1974)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_042_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac42Aa">B.G. Nickerson (1988)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_005_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ab5Aa">K.E. Brassel and R. Weibel (1988)</xref>, as well as <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_pcr-2017-0001_ref_032_w2aab2b8b2b1b7b1ab1ac32Aa">R.B. McMaster and K.S. Shea (1992)</xref>. They are divided into the universal models of theoretical character and those constructed for the purpose of computer automation of the process.Attempts at digital generalization which currently develop in the context of generalization of general, and especially topographic maps, are discussed separately. Most important algorithms concerning generalization of linear objects are presented chronologically, concluding with a description of comprehensive generalization systems.The summary presents two main conclusions. Firstly – work on generalization will continue to consider the geographical context during the process. Secondly – generalization of thematic, and especially statistical maps is the prospective direction.</abstract>

Cartographic generalization yesterday and today

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Map perception consists of numerous processes of information processing, taking place almost simultaneously at different levels and stages which makes it conditioned by many factors. In the article, a review of processes related to the perception of a map as well as levels and properties of perception which impact its course and the nature of information obtained from a map is presented. The most important process constituting the basis of a map perception is a visual search (eye movement). However, as stated based on the studies, the process is individual depending on the purpose of map perception and it may be guided by its image (visual search guidance) or by the knowledge of users (cognitive search guidance). Perception can take place according to various schemes – “local-to-global” or “global-to-local”, or in accordance with the guided search theory. Perception is divided into three processes: perceiving, distinguishing and identifying, which constitute the basis to interpret and understand a map. They are related to various degrees of intellectual involvement of the user and to various levels of questions concerning the relations between signs and their content. Identification involves referring a sign to its explanation in the legend. Interpretation means transformation of the initial information collected from the map into derivative information in which two basic types of understanding take place: deductive and inductive. Identification of geographical space objects on the map and the interpretation of its content constitute the basis to introduce information into memory structures. In the brain a resource of information is generated called geographic knowledge or spatial representation (mental map) which may have a double nature – verbal or pictorial. An important feature of mental maps is organization of spatial information into hierarchical structures, e.g. grouping towns into regions as well as deformation of spatial relations between individual elements and their groups independent of consciousness.The process of map perception depends on various factors, including the nature, scale and map content, the degree of its complexity and compliance of the map language with cartographic principles. Important factors also include cartographic competencies of the recipient of a map conditioned by age, education and the task type. It is related to types of information about geographical space: semantic – concerning spatial references of particular objects and structural – connected to relations between elements of a map. Such relations may be determined at the regional or global level, they may concern qualitative or quantitative features as well as changes in time.Nowadays, an important factor impacting the nature and consequences of map perception is the situation in which the process occurs. Traditionally, static and unchanging maps are used under other conditions than computer maps and navigation systems, making it possible to freely zoom in and zoom out the image and its spatial scope as well as to quickly go from one image to another.Today, when the predominant way of map use is their perception on the screens of navigation systems, processes of map perception and factors conditioning it are also significant to understand the process. In the analysis of map perception, also tasks which are implemented using the map and the nature of information obtained by the map user must be taken into account.</abstract>

Levels and properties of map perception

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Tourist maps are one of the most common groups of cartographic documents. Their variety in terms of content, subject matter and publication titles is a result of growing popularity of diverse forms of tourism activity. The aim of the authors of this article is to demonstrate issues related to tourist maps, including their variety in relation to contemporary forms of tourism. As tourist maps are constantly developing, the authors decided to propose a classification of tourist maps which is adequate from the point of view of the types of maps we currently distinguish. Taking into consideration the aim and type of tourism, the maps were divided into the following sub-groups: maps for sightseeing tourism, qualified tourism, and other tourism, as well as tourist city maps, and maps prepared for promotion and advertising of tourism. The first there categories were further divided into more detailed sub-categories and each of them was described briefly in terms of its content. The classification of maps based on their scales and form of content presentation was also included.The authors attempted also to define the concept of “tourist map” itself. The authors defined it as a geographic representation of an area presented on a plane, in accordance with specific mathematical rules, which should include topographic contents, information about tourist attractions of a given area, its tourist and complementary infrastructure, presented with the help of conventional signs, in a matter appropriate for the scale of the map and its intended use.Contributing to the discussion on the place of tourist map in the general classification of maps, the article distinguishes not only general-geographic maps and thematic maps, but also orientation and navigation maps. This terms covered tourist maps, road maps, and navigation maps: sailing, sea, aerial and city maps. They consist a group of maps in which the functions they play determine their informational content and their form of cartographic presentation. However, unlike on thematic maps, where the general geographic content is merely a background for presentation of the theme-related phenomena, the geographic content is essential in case of tourist maps. It is precisely the general geographic content which is primarily responsible for communicating information which is meant to be used for orientation and navigation purposes.</abstract>

Department of Geoinformatics and Cartography

Tourist maps – definition, types and contents

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Polish Cartographical Review

Journal's original version: electronic version  70 points in the evaluation of Ministry of Education and Science   The Polish Cartographical Review (Pol. Cartogr. Rev, PCR) is one of the oldest cartographic journals in the world. It has been distributed since 1969 as the continuation of the periodical that had been published in Lvov for 11 years (during the years 1923 to 1934) under the title The Polish Cartographical Review. The quarterly plays an essential role in connection with the increasing importance of spatial information in the contemporary world as well as due to the expanding of use of maps in many areas of social and economic life. As a result, cartography as a field of knowledge, dealing with the methodology of information transmission via maps, is becoming increasingly important; especially facing the new challenges posed by the technological changes, and in the natural consequence - cultural ones.  The thematic scope of the articles that are published in The Polish Cartographical Review is very diverse. It reflects the main development directions of the contemporary cartography that is worked up by the cartographers and another specialists from the other fields of science for whom the map is the subject of research or the visual presentation of the results. In the area of interest of the magazine are the problems of theory of cartography, editing and perception processes of maps, the use of cartography in the studies of social and economic phenomena, including the use of the remote sensing and GIS tools, as well as the cultural role of the map and the history of cartography.  Today, like before the World War II, The Polish Cartographical Review is an important forum for exchange of ideas between the cartographers - workers of science, and the contractors or users of space information in the field of research related to utilitarian aspects of the cartographic activity.  The magazine is a quarterly that is edited by Polish scientists connected with Polish Geographical Society. The reviewers are foreign and Polish scientists. The consultative body is the international Advisory Editorial Board. Social media  Twitter  Facebook   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 

Polish Cartographical Review

Volume 49 (2017): Issue 1 (March 2017)

Cartographic generalization yesterday and today

Levels and properties of map perception

Tourist maps – definition, types and contents

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