<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Poland, due to the ratification of the Kioto Protocol, is obliged to diminish the emission of greenhouse gases. One of the possible solutions of this problem is CO2 sequestration (CCS - carbon capture and storage). Such an option is a priority in the European Union. On the other hand, CO2 sequestration may be potentially risky in the case of gas leakage from underground reservoirs. The most dangerous event may be a sudden release of the gas onto the surface. Therefore, it is very important to know if there is any escape of CO2 from underground gas reservoirs, created as a result of sequestration. Such information is crucial to ensure safety of the population in areas located above geological reservoirs. It is possible to assess the origin of carbon dioxide, if the measurement of radiocarbon 14C concentration in this gas is done. If CO2 contains no 14C, it means, that the origin of the gas is either geological or the gas has been produced as a result of combustion of fossil fuels, like coal. A lot of efforts are focused on the development of monitoring methods to ensure safety of CO2 sequestration in geological formations. A radiometric method has been tested for such a purpose. The main goal of the investigations was to check the application possibility of such a method. The technique is based on the liquid scintillation counting of samples. The gas sample is at first bubbled through the carbon dioxide adsorbent, afterwards the adsorbent is mixed with a dedicated cocktail and measured in a low-background liquid scintillation spectrometer Quantulus. The described method enables measurements of 14C in mine and soil gas samples.</abstract>

The applicability of C-14 measurements in the soil gas for the assessment of leakage out of underground carbon dioxide reservoirs

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Taurine/EPR rods (3 × 10 mm) have been prepared by a simple technique in the laboratory where taurine powder was mixed with a molten mixture of paraffin wax and an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer. The binding mixture EVA/Paraffin does not present interference or noise in the EPR signal before or after irradiation. The rods show good mechanical properties for safe and multi-use handling. An EPR investigation of radiation induced radicals in taurine rods revealed that there are two types of radicals produced after exposure to gamma radiation (60Co). EPR spectra were recorded and analyzed - also the microwave power saturation and modulation amplitude were studied and optimized. Response of taurine to different radiation doses (1.5-100 kGy) was studied and found to follow a linear relationship up to 100 kGy. Radiation induced radicals in taurine persists and showed a noticeable stability over 94 days following irradiation. Uncertainities associated with the evaluation of radiation doses using taurine dosimeters were discussed and tabulated. It was found that taurine possesses good dosimetric properties using EPR spectroscopy in high doses in addition to its simple spectrum.</abstract>

Radiation Dosimetry Department, National Institute of Standards (NIS), 12211 Tersa Str., Haram-Giza, P.O. Box 136, Egypt and Faculty of Science and Humanities, Physics Department, Salman bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia, Tel.: +2 012 450 9723, Fax: +2 023 386 7451

National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City 11371, P. O. Box 8029, Cairo, Egypt

Taurine-EVA copolymer-paraffin rods dosimeters for EPR high-dose radiation dosimetry

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Better knowledge of CT number values and their uncertainties can be applied to improve heavy ion treatment planning. We developed a novel method to calculate CT numbers for a computed tomography (CT) scanner using the Monte Carlo (MC) code, BEAMnrc/EGSnrc. To generate the initial beam shape and spectra we conducted full simulations of an X-ray tube, filters and beam shapers for a Siemens Emotion CT. The simulation output files were analyzed to calculate projections of a phantom with inserts. A simple reconstruction algorithm (FBP using a Ram-Lak filter) was applied to calculate the pixel values, which represent an attenuation coefficient, normalized in such a way to give zero for water (Hounsfield unit (HU)). Measured and Monte Carlo calculated CT numbers were compared. The average deviation between measured and simulated CT numbers was 4 ± 4 HU and the standard deviation σ was 49 ± 4 HU. The simulation also correctly predicted the behaviour of H-materials compared to a Gammex tissue substitutes. We believe the developed approach represents a useful new tool for evaluating the effect of CT scanner and phantom parameters on CT number values.</abstract>

West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany

Division of Accelerator Physics, National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 7 Andrzeja Soltana Str., 05-400 Otwock/Świerk, Poland, Tel.: +48 22 718 0423, Fax: +48 22 779 3481

Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre HIT, Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

Monte Carlo calculated CT numbers for improved heavy ion treatment planning

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Aqueous solutions of caffeine were treated with ozone and gamma irradiation. The amounts of remaining caffeine were determined after solid phase extraction as a function of absorbed dose and ozonation time. In addition to this, some important parameters such as inorganic ions, chemical oxygen demand (COD) dissolved oxygen and total acidity changes were followed. Caffeine (50 ppm) is found to be completely decomposed at 3.0 kGy and 1.2 kGy doses in the absence of H2O2 and in 1.20 mM H2O2 solutions, respectively. In the case of gamma irradiation after ozonation, 50 ppm caffeine was removed at 0.2 kGy when the solution was ozonized for 100 s at a rate of 10 g O3 h-1 in 400 mL 50 ppm paracetamol solution.</abstract>

Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey, Tel.: +90 312 297 7988, Fax: +90 312 299 2163

Institute of Radiation Problems of Azerbaijan National Academy of Science, 9 B. Vakhabzade Str., Baku, Azerbaijan

Caffeine degradation in water by gamma irradiation, ozonation and ozonation/gamma irradiation

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The Nuclear and Energy Research Institute has produced, since 1998, iridium-192 wires used in low dose rate brachytherapy. In the paper the authors studied the influence of wire profile on the homogeneity distribution of radioactivity of iridium-192 along the wire. The authors propose the improvements in the quality control procedure that will provide more accurate measurement data and suggest changes in control devices.</abstract>

A study about the measurement method of the homogeneity of radioactivity along an iridium-192 wire used in brachytherapy

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