Abstract
Over the last twenty years or so, researchers’ attention to the issue of food deserts has increased in the geographical literature. Accessibility to large-scale retail units is one of the essential and frequently-used indicators leading to the identification and mapping of food deserts. Numerous accessibility measures of various types are available for this purpose. Euclidean distance and street network distance rank among the most frequently-used approaches, although they may lead to slightly different results. The aim of this paper is to compare various approaches to the accessibility to food stores and to assess the differences in the results gained by these methods. Accessibility was measured for residential block centroids, with applications of various accessibility measures in a GIS environment. The results suggest a strong correspondence between Euclidean distance and a little more accurate street network distance approach, applied in the case of the urban environment of Bratislava-Petržalka, Slovakia.
References
ANDREYEVA, T., BLUMENTHAL, D. M., SCHWARTZ, M. B., LONG, M. W., BROWNELL, K. D. (2008): Availability and prices of foods across stores and neighbourhoods: the case of New Haven, Connecticut. Health Affairs, 27(5): 1381–1388.
APPARICIO, P., ABDELMAJID, M., RIVA, M., SHEARMUR, R. (2008): Comparing alternative approaches to measuring the geographical accessibility of urban health services: Distance types and aggregation-error issues. International Journal of Health Geographics, 7(1): 7.
APPARICIO, P., CLOUTIER, M. S., SHEARMUR, R. (2007): The case of Montréal's missing food deserts: Evaluation of accessibility to food supermarkets. International Journal of Health Geographics, 6(1): 4.
BARNES, T. L., FREEDMAN, D. A., BELL, B. A., COLABIANCHI, N., LIESE, A. D. (2016): Geographic measures of retail food outlets and perceived availability of healthy foods in neighbourhoods. Public Health Nutrition, 19(8): 1368–1374.
BILKOVÁ, K., KRIŽAN, F., BARLÍK, P. (2016): Consumers preferences of shopping centers in Bratislava (Slovakia). Human Geographies – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, 10(1): 23–37.
BUČEK, J., KOREC, P. [eds.] (2013): Moderná humánna geografia mesta Bratislava: priestorové štruktúry, siete a procesy. Bratislava, Univerzita Komenského.
BUDZYNSKA, K., WEST, P., SAVOY-MOORE, R. T., LINDSEY, D., WINTER, M., NEWBY, P. K. (2013): A food desert in Detroit: associations with food shopping and eating behaviours, dietary intakes and obesity. Public Health Nutrition, 16(12): 2114–2123.
CASPI, C. E., SORENSEN, G., SUBRAMANIAN, S. V., KAWACHI, I. (2012): The local food environment and diet: a systematic review. Health & Place, 18(5): 1172–1187.
CLIQUET, G. (2006): Geomarketing: Methods and strategies in spatial marketing. London, Wiley (ISTE).
CROMLEY, E., MCLAFFERTY, S. (2002): GIS and public health. New York, Guilford Press.
CUMMINS, S., MACINTYRE, S. (1999): The location of food stores in urban areas: A case study in Glasgow. British Food Journal, 101(7): 545–553.
CUMMINS, S., MACINTYRE, S. (2002): A systematic study of an urban foodscape: the price and availability of food in Greater Glasgow. Urban Studies, 39(11): 2115–2130.
FARBER, S., MORANG, M. Z., WIDENER, M. J. (2014): Temporal variability in transit-based accessibility to supermarkets. Applied Geography, 53: 149–159.
GLANZ, K. (2009): Measuring food environments: a historical perspective. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(4): S93–S98.
GLANZ, K., BADER, M., IYER, S. (2012): Retail grocery store marketing strategies and obesity: an integrative review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(5): 503–512.
GLANZ, K., JOHNSON, L., YAROCH, A. L., PHILLIPS, M., AYALA, G. X., DAVIS, E. L. (2016): Measures of retail food store environments and sales: review and implications for healthy eating initiatives. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 48(4): 280–288.
GOODCHILD, M. (1987): A spatial analytical perspective on geographical information systems. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 1(4): 327–334.
GUSTAFSON, A, CHRISTIAN, J. W., LEWIS, S., MOORE, K., JILCOTT, S. (2013): Food venue choice, consumer food environment, but not food venue availability within daily travel patterns are associated with dietary intake among adults, Lexington Kentucky 2011. Nutrition Journal, 12(1): 17.
GUY, C. M., DAVID, G. (2004): Measuring geographical access to ‘healthy foods’ in areas of social deprivation: a case study in Cardiff. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 28(3): 222–224.
HANDY, S., NIEMEIER, D. (1997): Measuring accessibility: an exploration of issues and alternatives. Environment and Planning A, 29(7): 1175–1194.
HENDRICKSON, D., SMITH, C., EIKENBERRY, N. (2006): Fruit and vegetable access in four low-income food deserts communities in Minnesota. Agriculture and Human Values, 23(3): 371–383.
CHARREIRE, H., CASEY, R., SALZE, P., SIMON, C., CHAIX, B., BANOS, A., BADARIOTTI, D., WEBER, C., OPPERT, J. M. (2010): Measuring the food environment using geographical information systems: a methodological review. Public Health Nutrition, 13(11): 1773–1785.
CHEN, X., CLARK, J. (2015): Measuring Space–Time Access to Food Retailers: A Case of Temporal Access Disparity in Franklin County, Ohio. The Professional Geographer, 68(2): 175–188.
JASKIEWICZ, L., BLOCK, D., CHAVEZ, N. (2016): Finding Food Deserts A Comparison of Methods Measuring Spatial Access to Food Stores. Health Promotion Practice, 17(3): 400–407.
KRIŽAN, F., BILKOVÁ, K., KITA, P. (2014): Urban retail market in Bratislava (Slovakia): Consumers perception and classification of shopping centres. Management and Marketing, 9(4): 483–500.
KRIŽAN, F., BILKOVÁ, K., KITA, P., HORŇÁK, M. (2015): Potential food deserts and food oases in a post-communist city: Access, quality, variability and price of food in Bratislava-Petržalka. Applied Geography, 62: 8–18.
KRIŽAN, F., BILKOVÁ, K., KITA, P., SIVIČEK, T. (2016): Transformation of retailing in post-communist Slovakia in the context of globalization. E & M: Ekonomie a Management, 19(1): 148–164.
LARSEN, K., GILLILAND, J. (2008): Mapping the evolution of' food deserts' in a Canadian city: Supermarket accessibility in London, Ontario, 1961–2005. International Journal of Health Geographics, 7(1): 16.
LEDOUX, T. F., VOJNOVIC, I. (2013): Going outside the neighbourhood: The shopping patterns and adaptations of disadvantaged consumers living in the lower eastside neighbourhoods of Detroit, Michigan. Health & Place, 19: 1–14.
LEETE, L., BANIA, N., SPARKS-IBANGA, A. (2012): Congruence and Coverage Alternative Approaches to Identifying Urban Food Deserts and Food Hinterlands. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 32(2): 204–218.
LYTLE, L. A. (2009): Measuring the food environment: state of the science. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(4): S134–S144.
LYTLE, L. A., SOKOL, R. L. (2017): Measures of the food environment: A systematic review of the field, 2007–2015. Health & Place, 44: 18–34.
MARYÁŠ, J., KUNC, J., TONEV, P., SZCZYRBA, Z. (2014): Shopping and Services Related Travel in the Hinterland of Brno: Changes from the Socialist Period to the Present. Moravian Geographical Reports, 22(3): 18–28.
MCENTEE, J., AGYEMAN, J. (2010): Towards the development of a GIS method for identifying rural food deserts: Geographic access in Vermont, USA. Applied Geography, 30: 165–176.
MCKINNON, R. A., REEDY, J., MORRISSETTE, M. A., LYTLE, L. A., YAROCH, A. L. (2009): Measures of the food environment: a compilation of the literature, 1990–2007. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(4): S124–S133.
MINAKER, L. M., RAINE, K. D., WILD, T. C., NYKIFORUK, C. I., THOMPSON, M. E., FRANK, L. D. (2013): Objective food environments and health outcomes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45(3): 289–296.
MLÁDEK, J. (1994): Trade utilities and its perception by Petržalka inhibitants. Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Geographica, 34(1): 95–110.
MOORE, L. V., ROUX, A. V. D., BRINES, S. (2008): Comparing perception-based and geographic information system (GIS)-based characterizations of the local food environment. Journal of Urban Health, 85(2): 206–216.
MULROONEY, T., BERATAN, K., MCGINN, C., BRANCH, B. (2017): A comparison of raster-based travel time surfaces against vector-based network calculations as applied in the study of rural food deserts. Applied Geography, 78: 12–21.
NOVOTNÝ, L. (2016): Urban development and migration processes in the urban region of Bratislava from the post-socialist transformation until the global economic crisis. Urban Geography, 37(7): 1009–1029.
PINARD, C. A., SHANKS, C. B., HARDEN, S. M., YAROCH, A. L. (2016): An integrative literature review of small food store research across urban and rural communities in the US. Preventive Medicine Reports, 3: 324–332.
RAJA, S., MA, C., YADAV, P. (2008): Beyond food deserts: measuring and mapping racial disparities in neighbourhood food environments. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 27(4): 469–482.
REISIG, V., HOBBISS, A. (2000): Food deserts and how to tackle them: a study of one city’s approach. Health Education Journal, 59(2): 137–149.
SADLER, R., GILLILAND, J., ARKU, G. (2013): Community development and the influence of new food retail sources on the price and availability of nutritious food. Journal of Urban Affairs, 35(4): 471–491.
SADLER, R., GILLILAND, J., ARKU, G. (2016): Theoretical issues in the ‘food desert’ debate and ways forward. GeoJournal, 81(3): 443–455.
SEIDENGLANZ, D., KVIZDA, M., NIGRIN, T., TOMEŠ, Z., DUJKA, J. (2016): Czechoslovak light rail—Legacy of socialist urbanism or opportunity for the future? Journal of Transport Geography, 54: 414–429.
SHANNON, J. (2014): Food deserts Governing obesity in the neoliberal city. Progress in Human Geography, 38(2): 248–266.
SHANNON, J. (2015): Rethinking Food Deserts Using Mixed-Methods GIS. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 17(1): 85–96.
SHAW, H. (2006): Food Deserts: Towards the Development of a Classification. Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography, 88(2): 231–247.
SHORT, A., GUTHMAN, J., RASKIN, S. (2007): Food Deserts, Oases, or Mirages?: Small Markets and Community Food Security in the San Francisco Bay Area. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26(3): 352–364.
SINHA, A. (2000): Understanding supermarket competition using choice maps. Marketing Letters, 11(1): 21–35.
SMOYER-TOMIC, K., SPENCE, J., AMRHEIN, C. (2006): Food deserts in the Prairies? Supermarket accessibility and neighborhood need in Edmonton, Canada. The Professional Geographer, 58(3): 307–326.
SPARKS, A., BANIA, N., LEETE, L. (2011): Comparative Approaches to Measuring Food Access in Urban Areas The Case of Portland, Oregon. Urban Studies, 48(8): 1715–1737.
SPIŠIAK, P. (1994): Alimentary facilities of Petržalka. Acta Facultatis Rerum Naturalium Universitatis Comenianae, Geographica, 34(1): 23–32.
ŠVEDA, M., PODOLÁK, P. (2014): Fenomén neúplnej evidencie migrácie v suburbánnej zóne (na príklade zázemia Bratislavy). Geografický časopis, 66(2): 115–132.
TÓTH, V. (2012): Urban development of Bratislava: Suburbanization in years 1995–2009. Revija za geografijo-Journal for Geography, 7(2): 115–126.
VALE, D. S., SARAIVA, M., PEREIRA, M. (2015): Active accessibility: A review of operational measures of walking and cycling accessibility. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 9(1): 1–27.
VOJNOVIC, I., KOTVAL, K. Z., LEE, J., YE, M., LEDOUX, T., VARNAKOVIDA, P., MESSINA, J. (2014): Urban built environments, accessibility, and travel behaviour in a declining urban core: The extreme conditions of disinvestment and suburbanization in the Detroit region. Journal of Urban Affairs, 36(2): 225–255.
WALKER, R. E., BLOCK, J., KAWACHI, I. (2012): Do residents of food deserts express different food buying preferences compared to residents of food oases? A mixed-methods analysis. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(41): 1–13.
WALKER, R., FRYER, C. S., BUTLER, J., KEANE, C. R., KRISKA, A., BURKE, J. G. (2011): Factors influencing food buying practices in residents of a low-income food desert and a low-income food oasis. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 5(3): 247–267.
WALKER, R., KEANE, C., BURKE, J. (2010): Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: A review of food deserts literature. Health & Place, 16(5): 876–884.
WIDENER, M. J. (2017): Comparing Measures of Accessibility to Urban Supermarkets for Transit and Auto Users. The Professional Geographer, 69(3): 362–371. DOI: 10.1080/00330124.2016.1237293
WIDENER, M. J., SHANNON, J. (2014): When are food deserts? Integrating time into research on food accessibility. Health & Place, 30: 1–3.
WIDENER, M. J., FARBER, S., NEUTENS, T., HORNER, M. (2015): Spatiotemporal accessibility to supermarkets using public transit: an interaction potential approach in Cincinnati, Ohio. Journal of Transport Geography, 42: 72–83.
WIDENER, M. J., MINAKER, L., FARBER, S., ALLEN, J., VITALI, B., COLEMAN, P. C., COOK, B. (2017): How do changes in the daily food and transportation environments affect grocery store accessibility?. Applied Geography, 83: 46–62.
WRIGLEY, N. (2002): ‘Food deserts’ in British cities: policy context and research priorities. Urban Studies, 39(11): 2029–2040.
ZENK, S., SCHULZ, A. HOLLIS-NEELY, T. et al. (2005): Fruit and vegetable intake in African Americans income and store characteristics. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29(1): 1–9.
