In Germany, all-day care and all-day schooling are currently increasing on a large-scale. The extended time children spend in educational institutions could potentially result in limited access to nature experience for children. On the other hand, it could equally create opportunities for informal nature experience if school playgrounds have a specific nature-oriented design. This article is written from the perspective of a primary school teacher and presents the findings of a meta-analysis which looks at the impact nature experience has on the development of children. Furthermore, the first results of a research study on green playgrounds in primary schools is discussed. The results so far seem to indicate that green school playgrounds have the potential of providing nature experience particularly for primary students
[1] Aguirre-Bielschowsky, I., Freeman, C., & Vass, E. (2012): Influences on children’s environmental cognition: A comparative analysis of New Zealand and Mexico. Environmental Education Research, 18(1), 91-115
[2] Beach, B. A. (2003): Rural children’s play in the natural environment. In D. E. Lytle (Hrsg.), Play and educational theory and practice. Westport, CT US: Praeger Publishers/ Greenwood Publishing Group, 183-194
[3] Bell, J. F., Wilson, J. S., & Liu, G. C. (2008): Neighborhood greenness and 2-year changes in body mass index of children and youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(6), 547-553
[4] Berger, R. (2008): Going on a journey: a case study of nature therapy with children with a learning difficulty. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 13(4), 315-326
[5] Berglez, R. (2005): Beobachtungen und qualitative Befragungen in Naturerfahrungsräumen und konventionellen Spielplätzen. In Naturerfahrungsräume im besiedelten Bereich. Nürtingen: Hochschulbund Nürtingen/Geislingen e.V., 50-89
[6] Bixler, R. D., Floyd, M. F., & Hammitt, W. E. (2002): Environmental socialization: Quantitative tests of the childhood play hypothesis. Environment and Behavior, 34(6), 795-818
[7] Bögeholz, S. (1999): Qualitäten primärer Naturerfahrung und ihr Zusammenhang mit Umweltwissen und Umwelthandeln. Opladen: Leske + Budrich
[8] Cheng, J. C.-H. & Monroe, M. C. (2012): Connection to nature: Children’s affective attitude toward nature. Environment and Behavior, 44(1), 31-49
[9] Dyment, J. E. (2005): Gaining Ground: The Power and Potential of School Ground Greening in the Toronto District School Board. http://www.evergreen.ca/en/resources/school-ground-greening/research-and-policy/ (accessed 10th December 2013)
[10] Dyment, J. E., & Bell, A. C. (2008a): “Our garden is colour blind, inclusive and warm”: reflections on green school grounds and social inclusion. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 12(2), 169-183
[11] Dyment, J. E., & Bell, A. C. (2008b): Grounds for movement: Green school grounds as sites for promoting physical activity. Health Education Research, 23(6), 952-962
[12] Dyment, J. E., Bell, A. C., & Lucas, A. J. (2009): The relationship between school ground design and intensity of physical activity. Children’s Geographies, 7(3), 261-276
[13] Faber Taylor, A., Wiley, A., Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (1998): Growing up in the Inner City - Green Spaces as Places to Grow. Environment and Behaviour, 30(1), 3-27
[14] Faber Taylor, A., & Kuo, F. E. (2009): Children With Attention Deficits Concentrate Better After Walk in the Park. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(5), 402-409
[15] Faber Taylor, A., & Kuo, F. E. (Ming). (2011): Could Exposure to Everyday Green Spaces Help Treat ADHD? Evidence from Children’s Play Settings. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(3), 281-303
[16] Fjortoft, I., & Sageie, J. (2000): The natural environment as a playground for children Landscape description and analyses of a natural playscape. Landscape and Urban Planning, 48, 83-97
[17] Fjortoft, I. (2004): Landscape as Playscape: The Effects of Natural Environments on Children’s Play and Motor Development. Children, Youth and Environments, 14(2), 21-44
[18] Fjortoft, I., Kristoffersen, B., & Sageie, J. (2009): Children in schoolyards: Tracking movement patterns and physical activity in schoolyards using global positioning system and heart rate monitoring. Landscape and Urban Planning, 93, 210-217
[19] Gebauer, M. (2007): Kind und Naturerfahrung: naturbezogene Konzeptbildung im Kindesalter. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač
[20] Gebauer, M., & Harada, N. (2005): Wie Kinder die Natur erleben- Ergebnisse einer kulturvergleichenden Studie in Japan und Deutschland. In U. Unterbruner & Forum Umweltbildung (Eds.), Natur erleben. Innsbruck, Wien, Bozen: Studien Verlag, 45-61
[21] Grahn, P., Martensson, F., Lindblad, B., Nilsson, P., & Ekman, A. (1997): Ute pa Dagis Stad and Land. http://www.friluftsframjandet.se/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=4413355&name=DLFE-61101.pdf (accessed 18th Oktober 2013)
[22] Griffiths, E., Elniff-Larsen, A., & Jones, L. (2010): Evaluation of the Ysgol Llanfair Forest School. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-8PKKXQ (accessed 19th Oktober 2013)
[23] Häfner, P. (2002): Natur- und Waldkindergärten in Deutschland - eine Alternative zum Regelkindergarten in der vorschulischen Erziehung. http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/3135 (accessed 19th Oktober 2013)
[24] Hallmann, S., Klöckner, C. A., Beisenkamp, A., & Kuhlmann, U. (2005): Freiheit, Ästhetik oder Bedrohung? Wie Kinder Natur bewerten. Umweltpsychologie, 9(2), 88-108
[25] Han, K.-T. (2009): Influence of Limitedly visible Leafy Indoor Plants on the Psychology, Behavior, and Health of Students at a Junior High School in Taiwan. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 658-692
[26] Harvey, M. R. (1989): The Relationship between Children’s Experiences with Vegetation on School Grounds and Their Environmental Attitudes. Journal of Environmental Education, 21(2), 9-15
[27] Haug, E., Torsheim, T., Sallis, J. F., & Samdal, O. (2010): The characteristics of the outdoor school environment associated with physical activity. Health Education Research, 25(2), 248-256
[28] Kiener, S. (2003): Kindergärten in der Natur - Kindergärten in die Natur? Fördert das Spielen in der Natur die Entwicklung der Motorik und Kreativität von Kindergartenkindern? http://dusse-verusse.ch/icc.asp?oid=8630 (accessed 15th Oktober 2013)
[29] Kiener, S., & Stucki, S. (2001): Evaluation Naturspielgruppe Dusse Verusse - Zusammenfassung Elternbefragung. http://dusse-verusse.ch/icc.asp?oid=8630 (accessed 19th Oktober 2013)
[30] Kuo, F. E., & Faber Taylor, A. (2004): A Potential Natural Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence From a National Study. American Jounal of Public Health, 94(9), 1580-1586
[31] Lettieri, R. (2004): Evaluationsbericht des ersten öffentlichen Waldkindergartens der Schweiz. In B. Gugerli-Dolder, M. Hüttenmoser, & P. Lindemann-Matthies (Eds.), Was Kinder beweglich macht - Wahrnehmungs- und Bewegungsförderung im Kindergarten (pp. 76-81). Zürich: Verlag Pestalozzianum
[32] Louv, R. (2005): Last child in the woods: saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill
[33] Lovasi, G. S., Quinn, J. W., Neckerman, K. M., Perzanowski, M. S., & Rundle, A. (2008): Children living in areas with more street trees have lower prevalence of asthma. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62(7), 647-649
[34] Luchs, A., & Fikus, M. (2012): Urbane Spiel- und Bewegungsräume - Untersuchung zum freien Spiel von Kindern im öffentlichen Raum. In Zukunfts-Handbuch Kindertageseinrichtungen - Begleit-CD Bildung und Soziales, Regensburg: Walhalla, 4118-4229
[35] Lude, A. (2001): Naturerfahrung und Naturschutzbewusstsein. Innsbruck: Studien Verlag
[36] Lueger, M. (2010): Interpretative Sozialforschung: Die Methoden. Wien: Facultas
[37] Martin, S. C. (2003): The Influence of Outdoor Schoolyard Experiences on Students’ Environmental Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviors, and Comfort Levels. Journal of Elementary Science Education, 15(2), 51-63
[38] Meske, M. (2011): “Natur ist für mich die Welt”. Lebensweltlich geprägte Naturbilder von Kindern. 1. Aufl. Wiesbaden: VS Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften
[39] Moore, R. C. (1986): The power of nature orientations of girls and boys toward biotic and abiotic play settings on a reconstructed schoolyard. Children’s Environments Quarterly, 3(3), 52-69
[40] Murray, R. (2003): Forest School Evaluation Project - A Study in Wales. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/ForestSchoolWalesReport.pdf/$FILE/ForestSchoolWalesReport.pdf (accessed 29th Oktober 2013)
[41] O’Brien, E. (2005): The impact of trees on the well-being of residents on two inner-London social housing estates. http:// www.forestry.gov.uk/ (accessed 29th Oktober 2013)
[42] O’Brien, L., & Murray, R. (2005): “Such enthusiasm - a joy to see” An evaluation of Forest School in England. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/ForestSchool EnglandReport.pdf/$FILE/ForestSchoolEnglandReport.pdf (accessed 26th Oktober 2013)
[43] O’Brien, L., & Murray, R. (2006): A marvellous opportunity for children to learn: a participatory evaluation of forest school in England and Wales. Farnham, Surrey: Forest Research. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/fr0112forestschoolsreport.pdf/$FILE/fr0112forestschoolsreport.pdf (accessed 26th Oktober 2013)
[44] Ozdemir, A., & Yilmaz, O. (2008): Assessment of outdoor school environments and physical activity in Ankara’s primary schools. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(3), 287-300
[45] Palmberg, I. E., & Kuru, J. (2000): Outdoor activities as a basis for environmental responsibility. The Journal of Environmental Education, 31(4), 32-36
[46] Raith, A. & Lude, A. (2014): Startkapital Natur - Wie Naturerfahrung die kindliche Entwicklung fördert. München: Oekom Verlag
[47] Roczen, N., Kaiser, F. G., Bogner, F. X. & Wilson, M. (2014): A competence model for environmental education. Environment and Behaviour, 46(8), 972-992
[48] Schaal, S., Haas, A., Schaal, S. & Lude, A. (2015): BioDiv2Go - theoretical model and scale development for locationbased biodiversity GeoGames. Proposal ESERA 2015
[49] Schemel, H.-J., Reidl, K., & Blinkert, B. (2005): Naturerfahrungsräume im besiedelten Bereich. Naturschutz Und Landschaftsplanung, 37(1), 5-15
[50] Scholz, U., & Krombholz, H. (2007): Untersuchung zur körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit von Kindern aus Waldkindergärten und Regelkindergärten. Motorik - Zeitschrift Für Motopädagogik Und Mototherapie, März 2007(1), 17-22
[51] Storli, R., & Hagen, T. L. (2010): Affordances in outdoor environments and children’s physically active play in pre-school. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 18(4), 445-456
[52] Van den Berg, A. E., & van den Berg, C. G. (2011): A comparison of children with ADHD in a natural and built setting. Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(3), 430-439
[53] Waite, S., & Rea, T. (2006): Pedagogy or place?: attributed contributions of outdoor learning to creative teaching and learning. http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/162159.doc (accessed 25th Oktober 2013)
[54] Wells, N. M., & Evans, G. W. (2003): Nearby Nature - A Buffer of Life Stress Among Rural Children. Environment and Behaviour, 35(3), 311-330
[55] Wheeler, B. W., Cooper, A. R., Page, A. S., & Jago, R. (2010): Greenspace and children’s physical activity: A GPS/GIS analysis of the PEACH project. Preventive Medicine, 51, 148-152
[56] Wolch, J., Jerrett, M., Reynolds, K., McConell, R., Chang, R., Dahmann, N., Berhane, K. (2011): Childhood obesity and proximity to urban parks and recreational resources: A longitudinal cohort study. Health & Place, 17, 207-214