In this article, I discuss the contribution of theoretical resources to the transformation in my thinking about professional development and accountability, within an action research self-study of practice as a civil servant, in the context of participation on the Doctor in Education (Leadership) programme at Dublin City University (DCU) in the period 2008-2012. It is at the intersection of these subject positions, between theory and practice, that professional development was explored through the ‘leadership problem’ of encouraging trainer colleagues to investigate the educational potential of information and communications technologies (ICT) for the development of their practice. Ultimately, this constituted a critical space for sustained dialogue between the self and the social in exploring professional subjectivity. The resources discussed supported the interrogation of social, cultural and historical conditions influencing self-understanding and narrative reasoning (Tamboukou, 2008) and movement from strategic to communicative reasoning (Habermas, 1984). It is claimed that this has significance for the development of a more educational training practice, which expresses a concern for subjectivity and agency in the face of a growing ‘performativity’ in professional life (Ball, 2003).
[1] Emmett, Y. (2013). How do I create a living theory of leadership development for e-learning as an explanation of educational influence in improving training practice? (Ed.D. thesis, Dublin City University, Ireland). http://doras.dcu.ie/17723/1/Yvonne_Emmett_Dissertation_11_January_2013.pdf (Accessed 1 January 2014)
[2] Alverez-Antolinez, C., Brennan, D., McKenna, L., Mullen, M., O’Driscoll, A., O’Reilly, P., Rice, N., Sheridan, M., Smyth, G., Smyth, T. & Usher, N. (2007). Leadership, Structures and Accountability in the Public Service: Priorities for the Next Phase of Reform. Dublin, Ireland: Institute of Public Administration
[3] Alvesson, M. & Willmott, H. (2002). Identity Regulation as Organizational Control: Producing the Appropriate Individual. Journal of Management Studies, 39(5), 619-644
[4] Ball, S. (2003). The teacher’s soul and the terrors of performativity. Journal of Education Policy, 18(2), 215-228
[5] Berger, P.L. & Luckmann, T. (1991). The social construction of reality: a treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Reprint, London, UK: Penguin Books. (Original work published 1966)
[6] Biesta, G. (2003). Learning From Levinas: A Response. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 22, 61-68
[7] Biesta, G.J.J. (2006). Beyond Learning: Democratic Education for a Human Future. Boulder, USA: Paradigm
[8] Bion, W.R. (1984). Learning From Experience. Reprint, London, UK: Karnac Books. (Original work published 1962)
[9] Boud, D. & Walker, D. (1998). Promoting reflection in professional courses: The challenge of context. Studies in Higher Education, 23(2), 191-206
[10] Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
[11] Bourdieu, P. (1990). The Logic of Practice. Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press
[12] Boyle, R. & MacCarthaigh, M. (2011). Fit for Purpose? Challenges for Irish Public Administration and Priorities for Public Service Reform. Research Paper 4, State of the Public Services Series. Dublin, Ireland: Institute of Public Administration http://www.ipa.ie/pdf/Fit_For_Purpose_New_Report.pdf (Accessed 22 March 2012)
[13] Britzman, D.P. (1998). Lost Subjects, Contested Objects: Towards a Psychoanalytic Inquiry of Learning. Albany, USA: State University of New York
[14] Britzman, D.P. (2000). If the Story Cannot End: Deferred Action, Ambivalence and Difficult Knowledge. In Simon, R.J., Rosenberg, S., Eppert, C. (Eds.) Between Hope and Despair: Pedagogy and the Remembrance of Historical Trauma (pp.27-57). Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers
[15] Bruner, J. (1985). Actual minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Press
[16] Bruner, J. (1991). The Narrative Construction of Reality. Critical Inquiry, 18(1), 1-21
[17] Butler, J. (1997). The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection. Stanford, USA: Stanford University Press.
[18] Butler, J. (2005). Giving an Account of Oneself. New York, USA: Fordham University Press.
[19] Carroll, B., Levy, L. & Richmond, D. (2008). Leadership as Practice: Challenging the Competency Paradigm. Leadership, 4(4), 363-379.
[20] Caruth, C. (1996). Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative and History. Baltimore, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
[21] Cawley, B. & McNamara, T. (2008). Leadership in the Public Service. Administration, 56(3), 1-10.
[22] Centre for Management and Organisation Development. (2002). A Guide to Competency Development in the Civil Service. Dublin: Department of Finance. http://www.finance.gov.ie/documents/smi/cmod_report.pdf (Accessed 22 March 2012).
[23] Charlton, B.G. (2002). Audit, Accountability, Quality and All That: The Growth of Managerial Technologies in UK Universities. In S. Prickett & P. Erskine-Hill (Eds.), Education! Education! Education! Managerial Ethics and the Law of Unintended Consequences (pp.13-28). Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic.
[24] Civil Service Training and Development Centre. (2011). Learning and Development Framework for the Civil Service 2011-2014. http://hr.per.gov.ie/files/2011/04/Learning-and-Development-Framework.pdf (Accessed 22 March 2012)
[25] Comptroller and Auditor General. (2000). VFM Report 38: Training and Development in the Civil Service. http://www.audgen.gov.ie/documents/vfmreports/TrainDev.pdf (Accessed 22 March 2012)
[26] Connelly, F.M. & Clandinin, D.J. (1990). Stories of Experience and Narrative Inquiry. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2-14.
[27] Department of An Taoiseach. (1996). Delivering Better Government: Second Report to Government of the Co-ordinating Group of Secretaries - A Programme of Change for the Irish Civil Service. http://per.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/Delivering_Better_Government.pdf (Accessed 22 March 2012)
[28] Department of Public Expenditure and Reform. (2011a). Performance Management and Development System 2012: Guidelines for the Completion of the New PMDS Form. http://per.gov.ie/wpcontent/uploads/Guidelines-25.11.11.pdf (Accessed 22 March 2012)
[29] Department of Public Expenditure and Reform. (2011b). Guidelines for Managing Underperformance in the Civil Service. http://hr.per.gov.ie/files/2011/04/Guidelines-Managing-Underperformance-in-Civil-Service1.pdf (Accessed 29 June 2012)
[30] Department of Public Expenditure and Reform. (2011c). Public Service Reform Plan. http://per.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/Public-Service-Reform-181120112.pdf (Accessed 22 March 2012)
[31] Embleton E. (1997). Issues and Perspectives on Performance- Based Accountability in the Irish Public Service. Paris, France: OECD, Public Management Service.
[32] Emirbayer, M. (1997). Manifesto for a Relational Sociology. The American Journal of Sociology, 103(2), 281-317.
[33] Farren, M. (2005). How can I create a pedagogy of the unique through a web of betweeness? (Ph.D. thesis, University of Bath, UK). http://www.actionresearch.net/farren.shtml. (Accessed 1 January 2014)
[34] Farren, M. (2009). Co-creating an educational space. Educational Journal of Living Theories, 1(1), 50-68. http:// www.ejolts.net/files/Farren1%281%29.pdf (Accessed 1 January 2014).
[35] Finch-Lees, T., Mabey, C. & Liefooghe, A. (2005). ‘In the name of capability’: a critical discursive evaluation of competencybased management development. Human Relations, 58(9), 1185-1222.
[36] Foucault, M. (1980). Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, edited by Colin Gordon. London, UK: Harvester.
[37] Foucault, M. (1984). What is Enlightenment? In P. Rabinow (Ed.), The Foucault Reader (pp. 32-50). New York, USA: Pantheon Books.
[38] Foucault, M. (1988). The History of Sexuality, Vol. 2: The Use of Pleasure. London, UK: Penguin.
[39] Freire, P. (1998). Pedagogy of Freedom: Ethics, Democracy and Civic Courage. Oxford, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
[40] Garavan, T.N., Hogan, C. & Cahir-O’Donnell, A. (2009). Developing Managers and Leaders: Perspectives, Debates and Practices in Ireland. Dublin, Ireland: Gill & Macmillan.
[41] Gronn, P. (2009). ‘Hybrid Leader ship’. In Leithwood, K., Mascall, B. and Strauss, T. (eds.) Distributed Leadership According to the Evidence (pp.17-40). NewYork, USA: Routledge.
[42] Gronn, P. (2010). Leadership: its genealogy, configuration and trajectory. Journal of Educational Administration and History, 42(4), 405-435
[43] Gunter, H.M. (2001). Leaders and Leadership in Education. London, UK: Sage
[44] Habermas, J. (1984). The Theory of Communicative Action. Vol. 1: Reason and the Rationalization of Society, trans. T. McCarthy. Boston, USA: Beacon Press
[45] Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
[46] Hodkinson, P., Biesta, G. & James, D. (2008). Understanding Learning Culturally: Overcoming the Dualism Between Social and Individual Views of Learning. Vocations and Learning, 1(1), 27-47
[47] Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (2000). Doing Qualitative Research Differently: Free Association Narrative and the Interview Method. London, UK: Sage
[48] Hollway, W. (2011). Through discursive psychology to a psychosocial Approach. In Bozatis, N. and Dragonas, T. (eds.) Social psychology: the turn to Discourse (pp.209-240). Athens, Greece: Metaixmio
[49] Hood, C. (1995). The ‘New Public Management’ in the 1980s: Variations on a Theme. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 20(2/3), 93-109
[50] Kemmis, S. (2010). What is Professional Practice? Recognising and Respecting Diversity in Understandings of Practice. In C. Kanes (Ed.), Elaborating Professionalism: Studies in Practice and Theory (pp.139-166). London, UK: Springer
[51] Klein, M. (1930). The Importance of Symbol Formation in the Development of the Ego. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 11, 24-39
[52] Kristeva, J. (1989). Black Sun: Depression and Melancholia. New York, USA: Columbia University Press
[53] Kristeva, J. (2002). Intimate Revolt. The Power and Limits of Psychoanalysis Vol. II., Trans. Jeanine Herman. New York, USA: Columbia University Press
[54] Laclau, E. & Mouffe, C. (2001). Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. Reprint, London, UK: Verso. (Original work published 1985)
[55] Lapping, C. (2011). Psychoanalysis in Social Research: Shifting theories and reframing concepts. London, UK: Routledge
[56] McCarthy, A., Grady, G. & Dooley, G. (2011). Leadership in the Irish Civil Service: A 360° Review of Senior Management Capability. Galway, Ireland: Centre for Innovation and Structural Change (CISC), National University of Ireland Galway. http:// www.nuigalway.ie/cisc/documents/leadership_in_the_irish_civil_service.pdf (Accessed 21 February 2012)
[57] McNiff, J. & Whitehead, J. (2009). Doing and Writing Action Research. London, UK: Sage
[58] Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning. San Francisco, USA: Jossey-Bass
[59] OECD. (2008). Ireland: Towards an Integrated Public Service. Paris, France: OECD. http://per.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/Ireland_-_Towards_an_Integrated_Public_Service.pdf (Accessed 22 March 2010)
[60] Oliver, K. (2001). Witnessing: Beyond Recognition. Minneapolis, USA: University of Minnesota Press
[61] Oliver, K. (2002). Psychic Space and Social Melancholy. In K. Oliver and S. Edwin (Eds.), Between the Psyche and the Social: Psychoanalytic Social Theory (pp.49-65). Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield
[62] Oliver, K. (2004). The Colonization of Psychic Space: A Psychoanalytic Theory of Social Oppression. Minneapolis, USA: University of Minnesota Press
[63] Oliver, K. (2005). Social Melancholy, Shame and Sublimation. In S.M. Meagher & P. DiQuinzo (Eds.), Women and Children First: Feminism, Rhetoric and Public Policy (pp.99118). Albany, USA: State University of New York
[64] Oliver, K. (2008). Response to Reviews of the Colonization of Psychic Space: Towards a Psychoanalytic Social Theory. Symposia on Gender, Race and Philosophy, 4 (1). http://web.mit.edu/sgrp/2008/no1/Oliver0108.pdf (Accessed 22 March 2014)
[65] Pitt, A. & Britzman, D. (2003). Speculations on qualities of difficult knowledge in teaching and learning: an experiment in psychoanalytic research, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 16(6), 755-776
[66] Polanyi, M. (1974). Personal Knowledge. Reprint, Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1958)
[67] Polkinghorne, D.E. (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. In J.A. Hatch & R. Wisniewski (Eds.) Life History and Narrative (pp.5-24). London, UK: Falmer
[68] Power, M. (1997). The Audit Society: rituals of verification. Oxford: Oxford University Press
[69] Roberts, J. (2005). The Power of the ‘Imaginary in Disciplinary Processes. Organization, 12(5), 619-642
[70] Rose, N. & Miller, P. (1992). Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government. The British Journal of Sociology, 43(2), 173-205
[71] Safán-Gerard, D. (February 2002). On Not Knowing: Discerning the Mental and Emotional Requirements of Creative Work. Paper presented at a special group of the Bion 2002 Conference Los Angeles, CA. http://www.desy.com/writingsPDFs/on_not_knowing.pdf (Accessed 22 March 2014)
[72] Smith, M. K. (1996, 2000) ‘Curriculum theory and practice.’ The Encyclopaedia of Informal Education. http://www.infed.org/biblio/b-curric.htm (Accessed 3 September 2012)
[73] Steffy, B.D. & Grimes, A.J. (1992). Personnel/Organizational Psychology: A Critique of the Discipline. In M. Alvesson and H. Willmott (Eds.), Critical Management Studies (pp.181-201). London, UK: Sage
[74] Stewart, J. & Zediker, K. (2000). Dialogue as tensional, ethical practice. Southern Communication Journal, 65(2-3), 224-242
[75] Tamboukou, M. (2008). A Foucauldian Approach to Narratives. In Andrews M., Squire, C. and Tamboukou, M. (Eds.) Doing Narrative Research (pp.102-120). London, UK: Sage
[76] Townley, B. (1994). Reframing Human Resource Management: Power, Ethics and the Subject at Work. London, UK: Sage Publications
[77] Townley, B. (1996). Accounting in Detail: Accounting for Individual Performance. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 7, 565-584
[78] Townley, B. (2001). The Cult of Modernity. Financial Accountability and Management, 17(4), 303-310
[79] Townley, B. (2002a). The Role of Competing Rationalities in Institutional Change. The Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 163-179
[80] Townley, B. (2002b). Managing With Modernity. Organization, 9(4), 549-573
[81] Townley, B., Cooper, D.J. & Oakes, L. (2003). Performance Measures and the Rationalization of Organizations. Organization Studies, 24(7), 1045-1071
[82] Usher, R. (1993). Experiential learning or learning from experience: does it make a difference? In Boud, D., Cohen, R., & Walker, D. (eds.) Using Experience for Learning (pp.169-180). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press
[83] Vanderstraeten, R. & Biesta, G. (2006). How is Education Possible? Pragmatism, Communication and the Social Organisation of Education. British Journal of Education Studies, 54(2), 160-174
[84] Vince, R. (2001). Power and emotion in organizational learning. Human Relations, 54(10), 1325-1351
[85] Wallis, J. & McLoughlin, L. (2007). A diagnosis of leadership effectiveness in the Irish Public Sector. Public Management Review, 9(3), 327-351