<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Article 4 of the Unified Customs and Practices of Documentary Letters of Credit establishes the notion of autonomy principle by separating credit from underlying contract between account party and beneficiary. Article 5 by recognizing the autonomy principle confirms that effectuate the payment under credit, banks only deal with documents and not with goods. As a result, while documentary letters of credit are meant to facilitate the process of international trade, their sole dependency on compliance of presented documents to bank by beneficiary to actualize the payment will increase the risk of fraud and forgery in the course of their operation. Interestingly, UCP (currently UCP600) takes a silent status regarding the problem of fraud in international LC operation and leaves the ground open for national laws to provide remedies to affected parties by fraudulent beneficiary. National Laws have different approaches to the problem of fraud in general and fraud in international LC operation in particular which makes the access of affected parties to possible remedies complicated and difficult. Current paper tries to find answer to the questions of (i) what available remedies are provided to affected parties in international LC fraud by different legal systems? (ii) And what are conditions for benefiting from such remedies under different legal systems? In achieving its objective, paper will be divided in two main parts to study remedies provided by intentional legal frameworks as well as the ones offered by national laws. Part one will study the position of UCP and UNCITRAL Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit (UNCITRAL Convention) and remedies, which they provide to LC fraud in international trade. Part two in contrary will study available remedies to LC fraud and condition for access them under English and American legal system.</abstract>

Remedies to Fraud in Documentary Letters of Credit: A Comparative Perspective / Opravné Opatrenia Pri Podvodoch S Dokumentárnymi Akreditívami: Komparatívna Perspektíva

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> The goal of the present paper is to draw attention to some key rules and principles of the purchase contract. After the specification of this contract type we will deal in more details with the defective performance and the procedure of its complaint. As suggest the first assessment and reviews of the application of new legislation in its practical use and by the case law, in the achievement of the objective desired by the NCC - to increase the transparency of the procedure of complaints - the new legislation stacked in the middle of the way. The paper compares the impact of the new the previous and the current regulations, We will use the method of functional analysis as well as the method of legal formalistic comparison. It is obvious that the new rules respect the former régime of commercial contracts. The business sphere has undoubtedly welcomed this feature of the legal regime as the merchandisers are familiar with these rules. The second issue is, however, how this modification in the general regulation meets the expectations of the to provide sufficient legal certainty in the interpretation of contractual provisions and in the access to the protection of their interests by courts in the event of disputes.</abstract>

University of Finance and Administration, Prague, Czech Republic

Legal Rules on the Purchase Contract under the Czech new Civil Code – – Selected Problems / Právní Úprava Kupní Smlouvy Ve Světle Nového Občanského Zákoníku Čr – – Vybrané Problémy

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Consumer protection is a dominant policy of the EU. Despite this fact, the article 169 of the Treaty on Functioning of the European Union does not enable to adopt the binding legal laws on consumer protection per se. The binding legal laws could be adopted only within the context of other politics and activities on the internal market of the EU. The paper addresses the consumer policy and its status in the EU law by the historical development and legal analysis of the article 169 of the Treaty, secondary law development of consumer protection, jurisprudence, and judicature of the Court of the Justice of the EU.</abstract>

The Consumer Policy in the Eu Law / Spotrebiteľská Politika V Práve Eú

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> The issue of labour relations between a cooperative and its members is a quite few frequent subject of interest in the area of scientific public. Specificities of previous legislation of the position of members of cooperatives whose members’ relations are determined by the labour - law relations are also reflected in the current regulation. There absent rational reason of different approach. In the paper we deal with a short consideration of coherence between the Labour Code and the Commercial Code of the Slovak republic, highlighting the importance of the statutes of the cooperative. We also deal with the theoretical and practical issues resulting from analyzed acts with the effort to appeal to the necessity of unification the legislation of labour relations of nonmembers of cooperative with relations of members of cooperative. The basic consideration de lege ferenda is to constitute the conformity of current regulation to prevent the application uncertainty.</abstract>

Labour Relations of Members of Cooperatives in the Slovak Republic / Pracovné Vzťahy Členov Družstiev Na Slovensku

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Agricultural exporters tend to enter into contracts containing quality or standard clauses. These provisions may refer to either international public standards or standards set by private bodies. The second are usually more dynamic and thereby may respond to the consumers’ demand more quickly. However, high participation costs may exclude a large share of producers from private standards schemes. The state may pick certain socially desirable private standards and evolve them to the public regulation, as it was the case of the rules on organic farming in the EU. The government may introduce aid to encourage all interested actors to participate in the scheme, although the policy space left for the government to do so is limited by the WTO disciplines for domestic support.</abstract>

Legal Environment for Organic Production in the Eu and Ukraine / Pprávne Prostredie Pre Ekologickú Produkciu V Eú A Na Ukrajine

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 12 (2023): Issue 1 (December 2023)

Volume 11 (2022): Issue 1 (July 2022)

Volume 10 (2021): Issue 2 (December 2021)

Volume 10 (2021): Issue 1 (July 2021)

Volume 9 (2020): Issue 2 (December 2020)

Volume 9 (2020): Issue 1 (July 2020)

Volume 8 (2019): Issue 2 (December 2019)

Volume 8 (2019): Issue 1 (July 2019)

Volume 7 (2018): Issue 2 (December 2018)

Volume 7 (2018): Issue 1 (June 2018)

Volume 6 (2017): Issue 2 (December 2017)

Volume 6 (2017): Issue 1 (June 2017)

Volume 5 (2016): Issue 2 (December 2016)

Volume 5 (2016): Issue 1 (June 2016)

Volume 4 (2015): Issue 2 (December 2015)

Volume 4 (2015): Issue 1 (June 2015)

Volume 3 (2014): Issue 2 (December 2014)

Volume 3 (2014): Issue 1 (July 2014)

Volume 2 (2013): Issue 2 (December 2013)

Volume 2 (2013): Issue 1 (July 2013)

EU agrarian Law

 Journal "EU Agrarian Law" is a scientific journal of the Faculty of European Studies and Regional Development of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. Journal is supported by the European educational programme - Jean Monnet Chair. The journal is published twice a year and its main focus is on the theory and application of agrarian law. Why subscribe and read  The journal EU Agrarian law offers unique opportunity for readers to get familiar with the topics connected with the sphere of agrarian law as there is no other journal in Slovakia dealing with this area. It provides innovative and valuable information not just from Slovak condition but also from abroad. The journal is oriented on the experts from the field, teachers and students of agrarian law and related topics, as well as on general public.  Why submit  The journal EU Agrarian law offers unique opportunity for authors to place their papers in a scientific journal of high quality and by this way it provides a platform for knowledge exchange.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process.  Target group:  experts, teachers and students in the field of agrarian law and related topics, as well as on general public.