Photochemical toxicity of drugs intended for ocular use

1. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals No. 405: Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion. Paris: OECD; 2002.Search in Google Scholar

2. Furrer P, Mayer JM, Gurny R. Ocular tolerance of preservatives and alternatives. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2002;53:263-80. doi: 10.1016/S0939-6411(01)00246-610.1016/S0939-6411(01)00246-6Search in Google Scholar

3. Benavides T, Martínez V, Mitjans M, Infante MR, Moran C, Clapés P, Clothier R, Vinardell MP. Assessment of the potential irritation and photoirritation of novel amino acidbased surfactants by in vitro methods as alternative to the animal tests. Toxicology 2004;201:87-93. doi: 10.1016/j. tox.2004.04.003Search in Google Scholar

4. ICCVAM Test Method Evaluation Report: Appendix G-ICCVAM Recommended HET-CAM Test Method Protocol, 2006 [displayed 2 May 2014]. Available at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/iccvam/docs/ocutox_docs/oteval/appg-508.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

5. ICCVAM-Recommended Protocol for Using the Isolated Chicken Eye (ICE) Test Method Protocol, 2012 [displayed 2 May 2014]. Availalble at http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/iccvam/docs/protocols/iceprotocol16jul12v2-508.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

6. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals No 438: Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants. Paris: OECD; 2009.Search in Google Scholar

7. Velpandian T, Bankoti R, Humayun S, Ravi AK, Kumari SS, Biswas NR. Comparative evaluation of possible ocular photochemical toxicity of fluoroquinolones meant for ocular use in experimental models. Indian J Exp Biol 2006;44:387-91. PMID: 16708892Search in Google Scholar

8. INVITTOX Protocol No 37, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods RBC Test System, Ispra: ECVAM DB-ALM; 2010.Search in Google Scholar

9. Editors. Artifacts of light. Nat Meth. 2013;10:1135. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.276010.1038/nmeth.2760Search in Google Scholar

10. Ahmad T, Ahmed I. Multicomponent spectrophotometric assay of sulphacetamide and photodegradation products. Pak J Pharm Sci 1990;3:29-39. PMID:16414659Search in Google Scholar

11. Miyazaki T, Yomota C, Okada S. Depolymerization of hyaluronate by the phototoxic drugs phenothiazines and sulphacetamide. Colloid Polymer Sci 2000;278:84-9. doi: 10.1007/s00396005001410.1007/s003960050014Search in Google Scholar

12. Jordan L. Holtzman. Role of reactive oxygen and metabolite binding in drug toxicity. Life Sci 1982;30:1-9. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90629-410.1016/0024-3205(82)90629-4Search in Google Scholar

13. Mhaske RA, Sahasrabudhe S. Identification of Major Degradation Products of Ketoconazole. Sci Pharm 2011;79:817-36. doi: 10.3797/scipharm.1107-1810.3797/scipharm.1107-18Search in Google Scholar

14. Mohamed KN. Severe photodermatitis during ketoconazole therapy. Clin Exp Derm 1988;13:54. PMID: 320844410.1111/j.1365-2230.1988.tb00654.xSearch in Google Scholar

15. Murayama N, Imai N, Nakane T, Shimizu M, Yamazaki H. Roles of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 in methyl hydroxylated and N-oxidized metabolite formation from voriconazole, a new antifungal agent, in human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 2007;73:2020-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03534.x10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03534.xSearch in Google Scholar

16. Vogna D, Marotta R, Napolitano A, Andreozzi R, d’Ischia M. Advanced oxidation of the pharmaceutical drug diclofenac with UV/H2O2 and ozone. Water Res 2004;38:414-22. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.02810.1016/j.watres.2003.09.028Search in Google Scholar

17. Roberts JE. Ocular phototoxicity. J Photochem Photobiol B 2001;64:136-43. doi: 10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00196-810.1016/S1011-1344(01)00196-8Search in Google Scholar

18. Motten AG, Chignell CF. Spectroscopic studies of cutaneous photosensitizing agents-III. Spin trapping of photolysis products from sulphanilamide analogs. Photochem Photobiol 1983;37:17-26. PMID: 630094010.1111/j.1751-1097.1983.tb04428.x6300940Search in Google Scholar

19. Staub I, Flores L, Gosmann G, Pohlmann A, Fröehlich PE, Schapoval EES, Bergold AM. Photostability studies of ketoconazole: isolation and structural elucidation of the main photodegradation products. Latin Am J Pharm 2010;29:1100-6.Search in Google Scholar

20. Adams AIH, Grace G, Paulo HS, Ana MB. LC stability studies of voriconazole and structural elucidation of its major degradation product. Chromatographia 2009;69(Supplement):115-22. doi: 10.1365/s10337-009-1082-310.1365/s10337-009-1082-3Search in Google Scholar

21. Epaulard O, Saint-Raymond C, Villier C, Charles J, Roch N, Beani JC, Leccia MT. Multiple aggressive squamous cell carcinomas associated with prolonged voriconazole therapy in four immunocompromised patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;16:1362-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03124.x10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03124.xSearch in Google Scholar

22. Scholz I, Oberwittler H, Riedel KD, Burhenne J, Weiss J, Haefeli WE, Mikus G. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and bioavailability of the triazole antifungal agent voriconazole in relation to CYP2C19 genotype. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;68:906-15. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03534.x10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03534.xSearch in Google Scholar

23. Encinas S, Bosca F, Miranda MA. Phototoxicity associated with diclofenac: a photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological study on the drug and its photoproducts. Chem Res Toxicol 1988;11:946-52. doi: 10.1021/tx980070810.1021/tx9800708Search in Google Scholar

24. Leo G, Hi-Shi C, Johanson D. Light degradation of ketorolac tromethamine. Int J Pharmaceutics 1988;41:105-13. doi:10.1016/0378-5173(88)90142-1. 10.1016/0378-5173(88)90142-1Search in Google Scholar