Exposure to Urban Air Pollution and Bone Health in Clinically Healthy Six-year-old Children

1. Stein J, Schettler T, Wallinga D, Valenti M. In harm’s way: toxic threats to child development. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2002;23(Suppl 1):S13-22.10.1097/00004703-200202001-0000411875286Search in Google Scholar

2. Wigle DT, Arbuckle TE, Walker M, Liu S, Krewskin D. Environmental hazards: evidence for effects on child health. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2007;10:3-39.10.1080/1093740060103456318074303Search in Google Scholar

3. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Mora-Tiscareno A, Fordham LA, Valencia-Salazar G, Chung CJ, Rodriguez-Alcaraz A, Paredes R, Variakojis D, Villarreal-Calderon A, Flores-Camacho L, Antunez-Solis A, Henriquez-Roldan C, Hazucha MJ. Respiratory damage in children exposed to urban pollution. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003;36:148-61.10.1002/ppul.1033812833495Search in Google Scholar

4. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Vincent R, Mora-Tiscareno A, Franco-Lira M, Henriquez-Roldan C, Barragan-Mejia G, Garrido-Garcia L, Camacho-Reyes L, Valencia-Salazar G, Paredes R, Romero L, Osnaya H, Villarreal-Calderon R, Torres-Jardon R, Hazucha MJ, Reed W. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 and pulmonary arterial pressure in children exposed to air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:1248-53.10.1289/ehp.9641194010617687455Search in Google Scholar

5. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Villarreal-Calderon R, Valencia- Salazar G, Henriquez-Roldan C, Gutierrez-Castrellon P, Torres-Jardon R, Osnaya-Brizuela N, Romero L, Torres- Jardon R, Solt A, Reed W. Systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and activation in clinically healthy children exposed to air pollutants. Inhal Toxicol 2008;20:499-506.10.1080/0895837070186479718368620Search in Google Scholar

6. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Macias-Parra M, Hoffman HJ, Valencia-Salazar G, Henriquez-Roldan C, Osnaya N, Monte OC, Barragan-Mejia G, Villarreal-Calderon R, Romero L, Granada-Macias M, Torres-Jardon R, Medina-Cortina H, Maronpot RR. Immunotoxicity and environment: immunodysregulation and systemic inflammation in children. Toxicol Pathol 2009;37:161-9.10.1177/019262330832934019171930Search in Google Scholar

7. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Kavanaugh M, Block M, D’Angiulli A, Delgado-Chavez R, Torres-Jardon R, Gonzalez-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Osnaya N, Villarreal-Calderon R, Guo R, Hua Z, Zhu H, Perry G, Diaz P. Neuroinflammation, Alzheimer’s disease-associated pathology and down regulation of the Prion-related protein in air pollution exposed children and young adults. J Alzheimer Dis 2012;28:93-107.10.3233/JAD-2011-11072221955814Search in Google Scholar

8. Calderon-Garciduenas L, Engle R, Mora-Tiscareno A, Styner M, Gomez-Garza G, Zhu H, Jewells V, Torres-Jardon R, Romero L, Monroy-Acosta ME, Bryant C, Gonzalez- Gonzalez LO, Medina-Cortina H, D’Angiulli A. Exposure to severe urban air pollution influences cognitive outcomes, brain volume and systemic inflammation in clinically healthy children. Brain Cogn 2011;77:345-55.10.1016/j.bandc.2011.09.00622032805Search in Google Scholar

9. Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA 3rd, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, Holguin F, Hong Y, Luepker RV, Mittleman MA, Peters A, Siscovick D, Smith SC Jr, Whitsel L, Kaufman JD, American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American heart Association. Circulation 2010;121:2331-78.10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece120458016Search in Google Scholar

10. Nolan A, Naveed B, Comfort AL, Ferrier N, Hall CB, Kwon S, Kasturiarachchi KJ, Cohen HW, Zeig-Owens R, Glaser MS, Webber MP, Aldrich TK, Rom WN, Kelly K, Prezant DJ, Weiden MD. Inflammatory biomarkers predict airflow obstruction after exposure to World Trade Center dust. Chest 2012;142:412-8.10.1378/chest.11-1202342533721998260Search in Google Scholar

11. Caloca-Moreno V, Galindo-Estrada I, Frenk S. Aspectos biometereologicos en el raquitismo carencial, in Spanish. Arch Invest Med (Mex) 1973;4:115-24.Search in Google Scholar

12. Balasubramanian S, Ganesh R. Vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breast-fed infants. Indian J Med Res 2008;127:250-5.Search in Google Scholar

13. Nishimoto N, Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6: from bench to bedside. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2006;2:619-26.10.1038/ncprheum033817075601Search in Google Scholar

14. Alvaer K, Meyer HE, Falch JA, Nafstad P, Sogaard AJ. Outdoor air pollution and bone mineral density in elderly men-the Oslo Health Study. Osteoporos Int 2007;18:1669-74.10.1007/s00198-007-0424-y17619807Search in Google Scholar

15. Molina LT, Kolb CE, de Foy B, Lamb BK, Brune WH, Jimenez JL, Ramos-Villegas R, Sarmiento J, Paramo- Figueroa VH, Cardenas B, Gutierrez-Avedoy V, Molina MJ. Air quality in North America’s most populous city - overview of the MCMA-2003 campaign. Atmos Chem Phys 2007;7:2447-73.10.5194/acp-7-2447-2007Search in Google Scholar

16. Villarreal-Calderon A, Acuna H, Villarreal-Calderon J, Garduno M, Henriquez-Roldan CF, Calderon-Garciduenas L, Valencia-Salazar G. Assessment of physical education time and alter-school outdoor time in elementary and middle school students in South Mexico City: the dilemma between physical fitness and the adverse health effects of outdoor pollutant exposure. Arch Environ Health 2002;57:450-60.10.1080/0003989020960143712641189Search in Google Scholar

17. Li G, Bei N, Tie X, Molina LT. Aerosol effects on the photochemistry in Mexico City during MCMA-2006/ MILAGRO campaign. Atmos Chem Phys 2011;11:5169-82.10.5194/acp-11-5169-2011Search in Google Scholar

18. Marley NA, Gaffney JS, Castro T, Salcido A, Frederick JE. Measurements of aerosol absorption and scattering in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area during the MILAGRO field campaign: a comparison of results from the T0 and T1 sites. Atmos Chem Phys 2009;9:189-206.10.5194/acp-9-189-2009Search in Google Scholar

19. Fitzpatrick TB. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin type I through VI. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:869-71.10.1001/archderm.1988.01670060015008Search in Google Scholar

20. Greulich WW, Pyle SI. Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist. 2nd ed. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press; 1959.10.1097/00000441-195909000-00030Search in Google Scholar

21. Gobierno del Estado de Mexico. Plan Municipal de Desarrollo Urbano de Polotitlan. H. Ayuntamiento de Polotitlan. Secretaria de Desarrollo Urbano. Gobierno del Estado de Mexico, in Spanish 2008.Search in Google Scholar

22. Acosta LR, Evans WFJ. Design of the Mexico City UV monitoring network: UV-B measurements at ground level in the urban environment. J Geophys Res 2000;116:5017-26.Search in Google Scholar

23. Garantziotis S, Hollingsworth JW, Zaas AK, Schwartz DA. The effect of Toll-like receptors and Toll-like receptors genetics in human disease. Annu Rev Med 2007;59:343-59.10.1146/annurev.med.59.061206.11245517845139Search in Google Scholar

24. Institute of Medicine. Dietary References Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1997.Search in Google Scholar

25. Pekkinen M, Viljakainnen H, Saarnio E, Lamberg-Allardt C, Makitie O. Vitamin D is a major determinant of bone mineral density at school age. PLoS One 2012;7:e40090.10.1371/journal.pone.0040090338804522768331Search in Google Scholar

26. Stea S, Visentin M, Granchi D, Clapetti G, Donati ME, Sudanese A, Zanotti C, Toni A. Cytokines and osteolysis around total hip prostheses. Cytokine 2000;12:1575-9.10.1006/cyto.2000.075311023677Search in Google Scholar

27. Haynes DR. Inflammatory cells and bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res 2007;9:104-6.10.1186/ar2213220633917601357Search in Google Scholar

28. Preston RD, Meinberg TA, Payne JB, Schmid MJ, Lee HM, Golub LM, Marx DB, Reinhardt RA. Inflammatory mediator release following bone grafting in humans: a pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 2007;34:797-804.10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01117.x17716315Search in Google Scholar

29. Tuszynska A, Krzeski A, Postuba M, Paczek L, Wyczalkowska- Tomasik A, Gornicka B, Pykalo R. Inflammatory cytokines gene expression in bone tissue from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis - a preliminary study. Rhinology 2010;48:415-9.10.4193/Rhino09.08721442077Search in Google Scholar

30. Geusens P, Lerns WF. Osteoimmunology and osteoporosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2011;13:242-50.10.1186/ar3375330806121996023Search in Google Scholar

31. Rufo A, Del Fattore A, Capulli M, Carvello F, De Pasquale L, Ferrari S, Pierroz D, Morandi L, De Simone M, Rucci N, Bertini E, Bianchi ML, De Benedetti F, Teti A. Mechanisms inducing low bone density in Duchenne muscular dystrophy in mice and humans. J Bone Miner Res 2011;26:1891-903.10.1002/jbmr.410315069321509823Search in Google Scholar

32. Chen J, Hartono JR, John R, Bennett M, Zhou XJ, Wang Y, Wu Q, Winterberg PD, Nagami GT, Lu CL. Early interleukin 6 production by leukocytes during ischemic acute kidney injury is regulated by TLR4. Kidney Int 2011;80:504-15.10.1038/ki.2011.140339459321633411Search in Google Scholar

33. Agrawal M, Arora S, Li J, Rahmani R, Sun L, Steinlauf AF, Mechanick JI, Zaidi M. Bone, inflammation and inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2011;9:252-7.10.1007/s11914-011-0077-921935582Search in Google Scholar

34. Kumar S, Votta BJ, Rieman DJ, Badger AM, Gowen M, Lee JC. IL1 and TNF-induced bone resorption is mediated by p38 mitogen activated protein kinase. J Cell Physiol 2001;187:294-303.10.1002/jcp.108211319753Search in Google Scholar

35. Paganelli M, Albanese C, Borrelli O, Civitelli F, Canitano N, Viola F, Passariello R, Cucchiara S. Inflammation is the main determinant of low bone mineral density in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13:416-23.10.1002/ibd.2003917206686Search in Google Scholar

36. Lam J, Takesshita S, Baker JE, Kanagawa O, Ross JP, Tewitelbaum SL. TNFα induces osteoclastogenesis by direct stimulation of macrophages exposed to permissive levels of RANK ligand. J Clin Invest 2000;106:1481-8.10.1172/JCI11176Search in Google Scholar

37. Xing Q, de Vos P, Faas MM, Ye Q, Ren Y. LPS promotes pre-osteoclast activity by up-regulating CXCR4 via TLR-4. J Dental Res 2011;90:157-62.10.1177/0022034510379019Search in Google Scholar

38. Wharton B, Bishop N. Rickets. Lancet 2003;362:1389-400.10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14636-3Search in Google Scholar

39. Elizondo-Montemayor L, Ugalde-Casas PA, Serrano- Gonzalez M, Cuello-Garcia CA, Borbolla-Escoboza JR. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, life factors and obesity in Mexican children. Obesity 2010;18:1805-11.10.1038/oby.2009.44820010726Search in Google Scholar

40. Bailey DA, McKay HA, Mirwald RL, Crocker PR, Faulkner RA. A six-year longitudinal study of the relationship of physical activity to bone mineral accrual in growing children: the University of Saskatchewan bone mineral accrual study. J Bone Min Res 1999;14:1672-9.10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.10.167210491214Search in Google Scholar

41. Davis DE. The Giuliani Factor: Crime, Zero Tolerance Policing and the Transformation of the Public Sphere in downtown Mexico City, 2010 [displayed 13 December 2012]. Available at http://www.hks.harvard.edu/inequality/ Seminar/Papers/Davis09.docSearch in Google Scholar

42. Consejo Nacional de Evaluacion de la Politica de Desarrollo Social [displayed 13 December 2012]. Available at http:// www.coneval.gob.mx/cmsconeval/rw/pages/medicion/index. es.doSearch in Google Scholar

43. Caradonna P, Rigante D. Bone health as a primary target in the pediatric age. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2009;13:117-28.Search in Google Scholar

44. Bianchi ML. Osteoporosis in children and adolescents. Bone 2007;41:486-95.10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.00817706477Search in Google Scholar

45. Borges JLC, Brandao CMA. Low bone mass in children and adolescents. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2006;50:775-82.10.1590/S0004-27302006000400022Search in Google Scholar

46. Manias K, McCabe D, Bishop N. Fractures and recurrent fractures in children; varying effects of environmental factors as well as bone size and mass. Bone 2006;39:652-7.10.1016/j.bone.2006.03.01816765659Search in Google Scholar

47. Ward LM, Glorieux FH. The spectrum of pediatric osteoporosis. In: Glorieux FH, Pettifor JM, Juppner H, editors. Pediatric bone: biology and diseases. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; 2003.10.1016/B978-012286551-0/50019-1Search in Google Scholar

48. Boyce AM, Gafni RI. Approach to the child with fractures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1943-52.10.1210/jc.2010-2546313519621734001Search in Google Scholar

49. Goto Y, Ishii H, Hogg JC, Shih CH, Yatera K, Vincent R, van Eeden SF. Particulate matter air pollution stimulates monocyte release from the bone marrow. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:891-7.10.1164/rccm.200402-235OC15256391Search in Google Scholar

50. Roth CL, Kratz M, Ralston MM, Reinehr T. Changes in adipose-derived inflammatory cytokines and chemokines after successful lifestyle intervention in obese children. Metabolism 2011;60:445-52.10.1016/j.metabol.2010.03.02320494373Search in Google Scholar

51. Dalmas E, Tordiman J, Guerre-Millo M, Clement K. Le tissu adipeux Un nouveau terrain de jeu pour les cellules immunitaires [Adipose tissue, a new playground for immune cells, in French]. Med Sci (Paris) 2011;11:993-9.10.1051/medsci/2011271101622130027Search in Google Scholar

52. Tamayo J, Diaz R, Lazcano-Ponce E, Munoz M, Huitron G, Halley E, Diaz-Montiel JC, Mudgal J, Hernandez-Avila M, Salmeron J. Reference values for areal bone mineral density among healthy Mexican population. Salud Publica Mex 2009;51(Suppl 1):S56-82.10.1590/S0036-3634200900070001019287896Search in Google Scholar