<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">This paper examines the relationship among chlorophyll meter Yara N-Tester readings, nutrition status and growth parameters (leaf area index (LAI), plant height) of the winter wheat plants. Data used in this study were collected in 2010 from two fields located in the Czech Republic (area 52 and 38 ha) from different farms, both with uniform and conventional crop management. The monitoring of crop stands was done at growth stage BBCH 30 in a regular sampling grid with 150 m distance between points (27 and 18 points). At each sampling point, the plant height, LAI (Delta-T SunScan) and the chlorophyll concentration (Yara N-Tester) were recorded. Plant samples were taken to analyse the content of main nutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Ca and S). The results of plant analysis showed that both fields were in different nutrition status: one in a correct status and another had a complex nutritional deficit (K, Ca and N). Linear regressions and ANOVA proved that under a multiple nutritional deficit, N-Tester readings responded to the growth of the crop, while in the adequate nutritional conditions the sensitivity of N-Tester to the variation in the nitrogen concentration is lower. The relationships between crop parameters and chlorophyll meter readings are not generalisable and thus the interpretation of N-Tester results has to be done separately for each field.</abstract>

Effectiveness of Chlorophyll Meter Measurement in Winter Wheat at Field Scale Level

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The main objective of this study was to evaluate the spectral reflectance in the vertical profile of spring barley canopy at the booting growth stage and to determine how the reflectance gradient changes in relation to crop density and nitrogen (N) nutrition. Vertical gradients of spectral reflectance were studied in field trials with three sowing densities (2, 4 and 6 million of germinating seeds/ha) and two levels of N nutrition (0 and 90 kg/ha). It was found that differences in vegetation indices caused by N nutrition are most pronounced in the second and third leaf from the top, and these increase with increasing sowing density.The vertical gradient of reflectance, specifically the ratio between the leaves F-3/F-1 for vegetation indices based on red-edge reflectance, represents a reliable indicator of number of ears per area unit (R = –0.87 for Normalised Red Edge-Red Index (NRERI) and –0.93 for Zarco-Teja-da and Miller Simple Ratio Index (ZM)). A close relationship to ear productivity was found almost for all observed vegetation indices and any leaf in vertical profile (R = 0.79–0.97). In contrast, the prediction of protein content in barley grain was the most reliable when the red-edge reflectance indices (ZM and NRERI) particularly from upper three leaves were used (R = 0.81–0.88). The results show that the knowledge of reflectance heterogeneity in the vertical profile of canopy can significantly contribute to the interpretation of the measured data, to the differentiation of the N nutrition effect from the response to canopy density, and finally to a more accurate estimation of yield parameters and protein content in grain.</abstract>

Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v. v. i., Brno

Changes in Vertical Distribution of Spectral Reflectance within Spring Barley Canopy as an Indicator of Nitrogen Nutrition, Canopy Structure and Yield Parameters

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Experiments with soybean on heavy soils of East Slovak Lowlands were established in the years 2010–2012. The effect of mineral fertilisers and soil conditioner application on soybean’s yield using three tillage systems (minimum tillage (MT), conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT)) was studied. Production costs and economic efficiency of crop management practices were evaluated. The influence of production year on soybean crop was significant in the order of 2011, 2010 and 2012. Statistical evaluation confirmed that the effects of CT and MT systems were more significant compared with NT system. No significant differences were found between the variants of the mineral fertiliser and conditioner application. Differences in the total cost of soybean cultivation, as measured between years, were not significant. Fertilisation variants with application of HUMAC agro and NPK generated the highest costs. On the other hand, the lowest costs were achieved at fertilisation variants with application of NPK alone. Comparing tillage variants, the CT system had the highest costs each year. Significant savings were achieved on MT and NT variants. During the experimental period, a profit was reached on all variants. Applying NPK alone, the highest profit was achieved in 2010 and 2012 using MT system and in 2011 with CT tillage. The variant b2 with PRP sol in the years 2010 and 2011 was the most profitable using NT system and in 2012 using MT. Variant with HUMAC agro was the most profitable in each year using MT. The lowest income threshold for zero profitability was calculated in 2012. Using CT farming techniques at NPK fertilisation variant b1 in 2012, the income threshold was 1.85 t/ha, at variant b2 PRP sol it was 2.10 t/ha and at variant b3 HUMAC agro it was 2.42 t/ha. At MT and NT systems, the income threshold values for zero profitability were lower.</abstract>

Effect of Tillage System and Soil Conditioner Application on Soybean (<italic>Glycine Max</italic> (L.) Merrill.) and Its Crop Management Economic Indicators

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Hydrogen peroxide impact upon the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), development of lipid peroxidation processes (LP), photosynthetic pigment content and productivity in conditions of field experiment were studied for winter wheat varieties of different ecotypes, namely Stolychna, Polisska 90 – forest-steppe, and Scala-steppe. It was found that hydrogen peroxide action for 24 h induced LP activity, whereas antioxidative enzyme activity dropped at two varieties. Exception was the Stolychna plants that showed decrease in all indexes studied after treatment. In the next phase of ontogenesis (flowering), however, SOD activity increased both in the plants of Polisska 90 and Scala, while CAT and LP activities were close to control in all plants. The data suggest that treatment by hydrogen peroxide stimulated the formation of general unspecific resistance of plants and increased the grain productivity of winter wheat varieties studied.</abstract>

Oxidation Stress is Adaptative Reaction Inductor of Winter Wheat Plants

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Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)

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Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo)

Volume 60 (2014): Issue 2 (June 2014)

Effectiveness of Chlorophyll Meter Measurement in Winter Wheat at Field Scale Level

Changes in Vertical Distribution of Spectral Reflectance within Spring Barley Canopy as an Indicator of Nitrogen Nutrition, Canopy Structure and Yield Parameters

Effect of Tillage System and Soil Conditioner Application on Soybean (Glycine Max (L.) Merrill.) and Its Crop Management Economic Indicators

Oxidation Stress is Adaptative Reaction Inductor of Winter Wheat Plants

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