<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">This review article is concentrating on the news in the pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency (CVD). Despite ongoing progress in understanding the molecular aspects of CVD the exact mechanism of its development remains unclear. Many different factors may play role in the pathogenesis of CVD, including changes in hydrostatic pressure, valvular incompetence, increased capillary permeability, endothelial dysfunction, activation of leukocytes, deep venous obstruction, capillary microthrombosis, ineffective function of calf muscle pump, biochemical and structural changes in the vessel wall, extracellular matrix alteration, and several other mechanisms. A better understanding of the pathophysiology is an important step in the finding of new potential treatment.</abstract>

News in Pathogenesis of Chronic Venous Insufficiency

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) represent very heterogenous group of clonal stem cell bone marrow disorders with ineffective haematopoesis leading to cytopenias in peripheral blood and increased risk of blastic transformation and evolution of acute myeloid leukemia. MDS is a disease of older age mostly, in children it seems to be very rare. There are several significant morphological, cytogenetic and prognostic differencies of the disease in adults and in children. Adult MDS patients most commonly manifest with symptoms of anemia, bleeding and infection are uncommon. In childhood, MDS manifests predominantly by neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. In addition, some pediatric MDS patients present also with constitutional disease’s signs and symptoms. Early and correct diagnosis in both age groups is essential for the choice of appropriate therapy and also for next life of patients. However, the diagnosis of MDS is challenging, complex and requiring close correlation of clinical symptoms, laboratory parameters and standardized examination of BM biopsies. The authors present an overview focused on biology of MDS in adults and children, on the differences in the incidence, clinical presentation and treatment. They summarize the possibilities and limits of histopathological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the disease in different age groups. A major problem in the morphological diagnosis of MDS remains the determination, whether the myelodysplasia is due to clonal disorder. It might result also from some other factors, as significant dysplasia can also occur in reactive conditions, and vice versa, only discrete dysplasia is sometimes observed in MDS patients. Although histomorphological and immunohistochemical analysis of BM biopsy is invasive and time-consuming examination, it has its value in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic effect.</abstract>

Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Martin, Department of Pathological Anatomy,

The Differencies in Adult and Pediatric Myelodysplastic Syndrome: A Review

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Introduction: A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye leading to a decrease in vision. Cataracts are the cause of half of blindness and 33% of visual impairment worldwide. Surgery with phacoemulsification followed by implantation of intraocular lens (IOL) is gold standard treatment for cataract. In some cases multifocal IOLs are used. This is the first published use of rotational asymmetric multifocal IOL in cataract surgery in Slovakia.Method: In the study 78 eyes of 58 patients (mean age 62.3 years) were implanted for a cataract with the rotational asymmetric multifocal IOL. Corrected and uncorrected distance and near visual acuities were analysed preoperatively, 1 month and 6 months postoperatively. Contrast sensitivity was tested at 6 months postoperatively. The Friedman Two -Way Analysis of Variance and Multiple Comparison Test were used for all parameter comparisons, in all cases, the same level of statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05) was considered significant.Results: Average preoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity has increased from 0.32 to 0.87 and 0.93 respectively in 1 month and 6 months after surgery (p &lt; 0.05, n = 78). Average preoperative uncorrected near visual acuity (UCNVA) has increased from 0.2 to 0.77 and 0.79 respectively in 1 month and 6 months after surgery (p &lt; 0.05). Average preoperative best corrected distance visual acuity has increased from 0.65 to 0.95 and 1.03 respectively in 1 month and 6 months after surgery (p &lt; 0.05). Significant improvement was found also between preoperative best corrected near visual acuity and UCNVA 1 and 6 month after surgery (p &lt; 0.05).In conclusion, the rotational asymmetric multifocal IOL LS-313 MF 30 provides good visual rehabilitation for near and distance vision after cataract surgery. Contrast sensitivity outcomes account for the patient satisfaction with this innovative IOL technology.</abstract>

Comenius University, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin and University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia, Clinic of Ophtalmology

Rotational Asymmetric Multifocal Intraocular Lens - Use in Patient Undergoing Cataract Surgery

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Monitoring the depth of general anaesthesia (GA) enables the anaesthetist to reach the optimal depth of GA, and thus prevent the occurrence of too deep or too shallow anaesthesia, together with all associated consequences. Anaesthesia, which is too shallow, increases the risk of perioperative awareness. In adult patients, the incidence of perioperative awareness is 0.1-0.2 % for the total number of GA procedures, in paediatric population, the clinical studies present the incidence of up to 5 % (1973), 0.8 % (2005) for the total number of GA procedures. Perioperative awareness is a serious complication, with possible psychological consequences for the patients, including post-traumatic stress disorder.BIS monitoring is one of the possibilities how to assess the depth of GA. This technique is based on the assessment of EEG curve, when individual parameters of the EEG signal are, using mathematical methods, transformed into a dimensionless number, so-called bispectral index (BIS), the value of which is expressed on the scale from 0 to 100, and which reflects the depth of general anaesthesia.This prospective randomized clinical trial has proven, on a group of 101 children that the use of BIS monitor in the course of GA shortens the period of recovery from general anaesthesia, however, it does not decrease the consumption of inhalation anaesthetics when compared to GA performed without BIS monitoring. The results of the study confirmed the importance of monitoring the depth of GA in patients with intravenous administration of Propofol. The authors have observed an inverse linear relation between the values of BIS and MAC (minimum alveolar concentration).</abstract>

Monitoring the Depth of General Anaesthesia with Bis Monitor in the Course of Surgical Procedure in Children Shortens the Period of Recovery from General Anaesthesia

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Consciousness is enigmatic beast. It is present with us, comforting, and intuitive core of us. Yet this familiar beast, if we try to touch and describe it, escapes. Questioning and exploring consciousness accompanies mankind since ever. In 20th century we met never before seen states of severe disorders of consciousness – nonresponding people with eyes wide open. Also advancements in general anesthesia made us reexplore this phenomena.Article sums up current philosophic and two most prominent current neuroscientific approaches to what consciousness is and how we can assess it in other human beings. These theories may extend our understanding of ourselves and also help to asses this core quality in our patients in moments, when they do not intelligibly respond or do not respond at all.</abstract>

The Enigma of Consciousness – Philosophic and Scientific Approach

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Vortioxetine is a novel antidepressant with two mechanisms of action – direct effect on several serotonin receptors and serotonin re-uptake inhibition. It shows antidepressant, anxiolytic and cognitive effects during the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this article was to summarize the use of vortioxetine in clinical studies and assess the efficacy and tolerability. Most of the studies reported a statistically significant efficacy for vortioxetine versus placebo. In addition, vortioxetine showed efficacy in patients with an inadequate response to selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) or serotonin-noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors (SNRI) monotherapy and improved cognitive function in patients with MDD. In these studies, vortioxetine was well tolerated – most common observed adverse effect was nausea – and it was not associated with clinically important changes in laboratory test results or vital signs. Vortioxetine showed a relatively low incidence of sexual dysfunction.</abstract>

Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava

Review of a New Multimodal Antidepressant Vortioxetine

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Acta Medica Martiniana

 Acta Medica Martiniana is a medical scientific journal, first published in print form in December 2001. It is a continuation of the journal / almanac Folia Medica Martiniana (1971 - 1996). The journal‘s owner is the Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Slovakia. The aims and scope of the AMM:   Dissemination of research results and scientific knowledge from all areas of medicine and nursing.  Stimulation, facilitation and supporting of publication activity for the young medical research and clinical generation. The contributions of young novice authors (PhD students and post-doctorials) are particularly welcome.   Acta Medica Martiniana (AMM) publishes, and here only in English, high quality original papers (in extenso and short-rapid communications), case reports as well as review articles.  Acta Medica Martiniana is an open-access journal, with a periodicity of publishing three times per year (Apr/Aug/Dec). It covers a wide range of basic medical disciplines, such as anatomy, histology, biochemistry, human physiology, pharmacology, etc., as well as all clinical areas incl. preventive medicine, public health and nursing. Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary manuscripts, including papers from all areas of biomedical research, are welcome.  All articles are submitted to a peer-review process. They are peer-reviewed anonymously (double blind) by external experts pursuant to the standard evaluation criteria. Based on the reviewers opinions, the Editorial Board will decide whether a paper is to be included in the journal.  Rejection Rate:   15-30%   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 