Ulla Broms, Karoliina Koskenvuo, Lauri H. Sillanmäki, Kari J. Mattila and Markku Koskenvuo
ABSTRACT
AIMS - Smoking initiation during childhood or adolescence is strongly associated with friends’ smoking. Likewise, adverse living conditions increase the likelihood of future deviant behaviour. We examine whether smoking by a best friend and family members during school years as well as adverse childhood experiences are associated with smoking in adulthood. DATA AND DESIGN - We have analysed the responses of Finnish working-aged respondents in 1998 (N=25901) and 2003 (N=20773) to questions on the smoking status of friends and family members during school years as well as their answers on a six-item scale of childhood adversities. A case-control study design was used to compare current cigarette smokers (1998 and 2003) to non-smokers (1998 and 2003). RESULTS - If a best friend during school years was a smoker, the subject’s odds ratio (OR) of being a smoker in adulthood was 4.43 among females and 3.91 among males compared to those with a non-smoking best friend in multivariate models adjusted for smoking by family members during school years and by six childhood adversities. These associations did not differ by age. Smoking in adulthood was associated with childhood adversities, most strongly with parental divorce or separation during the subjects’ school years. CONCLUSION - Smoking by a best friend and parental divorce or separation during school years appears to be a strong factor of smoking in later life.
Robert Edgren, Sari Castrén, Markus Jokela and Anne H. Salonen
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Melissa Kelly, Nelli Ruotsalainen, Ibrahima Amadou Dia, Jenny Ingridsdotter and I-An Gao
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Elena Maria Emadi
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Stjepan Pticar
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Constantin Severin
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Jonathan Mendilow
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Jonathan Mendilow
, 1955. The Old Regime and the French Revolution. New York: Doubleday. Van Klaveren, Jacob, 1989. “The Concept of Corruption”. Arnold J. Heidenheimer, Michael Johnston, Victor LeVine (eds), Political Corruption: a Handbook. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, pp. 25-8. Warren, Mark E., 2006. “Political Corruption as Duplicitous Exclusion”, Political Science and Politics, vol. XXXIX, pp. 803-7. 2004. “What Does Corruption Mean in Democracy?” American Journal of Political Science, Vol 48, pp. 328-43. Wertheimer, Fred, Susan W. Manes, 1994. “Campaign Finance Reform
Ivan Katzarski
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