Ecological and Social Aspects in the Managementof Post-Mining Areas.an Example of the Adamów Lignite Basin

Abstract The study presents a management model for post-mining areas, which includes the process of reclamation and management in the context of the socio-ecological system. This means that it is necessary to include the relations in the management system that occur between the main stakeholders (internal relations) and the ecological, economic and socio-cultural conditions of the environment (external relations). Verification of the recommended model was carried out on the basis of the analysis of environmental, economic and socio-cultural processes currently observed in the Adamów Brown Coal Basin, which is in the phase of liquidation. The conclusion presents constraints in the legal system that are not propitious for comprehensive solutions in the field of revitalization.


INTRODUCTION -POST-MINING AREAS AS A SUBJECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
of this raw material. The contemporary approach to the natural environment and its protection is characterized by a multifaceted integration of this problem with the social, economic and political aspects of human existence [6,7]. An expression of this is the paradigm of sustainable development sanctioned in the legal system (Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland), forcing the functioning in the sphere of practical activities and optimal environmental management systems. The environmental management system is a practical activity dealing with designing, implementing, controlling and coordinating environmental management processes. In the systemic approach to environmental management, the management system (the organizer of the management process) and the environment being the object of management are distinguished [14]. The management system operates on the basis of management instruments (legal and administrative, financial) and instruments of environmental protection programming -program documents, including those of a strategic nature [7]. In the analysed case, the management object consists of post-mining areas (external waste banks, internal waste banks, end pits of a specific shape, morphology, engineering and technical parameters). The managing system and management object together with internal and external relations create a management system. Post-mining areas shaped in the processes of reclamation and development as new elements of the natural system also require a systematic approach to management, in particular with regard to spatial decisions. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal model of management of postmining areas in Poland and to verify the conditions for its implementation on the example of Adamów Brown Coal Basin currently being liquidated. The area of mining activity comprised four communes: Władysławów, Brudzew, Turek and Przykona being part of the turecki district (Wielkopolska province). They create a region that has benefited from mining and power plant operations for over 50 years.

MANAGRMENT OF POST-MINING AREAS -THE PHASE OF TRANSITION
Observing the over 60-year history of the development of opencast mining in Poland, two approaches can be distinguished in the management of post-mining areas. In the past, post-mining areas were managed according to the cascade model (Fig.1). The main feature of this model was management based on commands. Key decisions regarding the directions of reclamation were taken arbitrarily at governmental levels and transferred to managements of mines. These, respecting the provisions, carried out reclamation and transferred recovered post-mining areas to the management of the local administration. The last link in the management system was the future user of these areas -the local community. Another distinctive feature of the management system was the technocratic approach to reclamation. Reclamation was limited to the restoration of utility values to degraded land by shaping terrain, improving physical and chemical properties of land, regulating water relations, restoring soils and communication infrastructure. In managing post-mining areas, environmental, economic and socio-cultural conditions were omitted. It should be added that this system functioned in the specific conditions of a centrally controlled economy based on industry, in which the exploitation of hard and brown coal was a priority, and mining expenditure was high. In the current political and economic situation, coal mining in Polish mines is based on economic balances and focuses on profit. On the other hand, there is an increase in public awareness about the importance of the environment in the quality of life, as well as an increase in the activity of society and its control in the field of reclamation of post-mining areas. From the discussion on the principles of shaping the post-mining areas in Poland in the literature of the last few years [12,13,10,9,2,16,8,1,17], an image of the desired post-mining management model emerges, the aim of which is to capture the reclamation process in the context of the socio-ecological system. This means that it is necessary to include two kinds of relations in the management system: internal and external. Internal relations take place between stakeholders, among which the management of the mine, local administration and the local community can be identified. The decision about the Environmental Conditions for the realization of the investment, granting and extinction of a mining license, the decision approving the mine sites planning, the construction permit (for example, post-mining waste landfills), the decision setting out the directions of reclamation  Assessment of the correctness of the carried out reclamation and issuing the decision on its approval  Ability to use the potential of reclamation of post-mining areas for creating new directions of commune development External relations refer to the surroundings of post-mining areas. Post-mining areas are elements of a larger whole and should be related to the environment. The surroundings of post-mining areas is the natural environment with animate and inanimate nature, and the anthropogenic environment with a socio-economic and cultural layer. The diagnosis of ecological, economic and socio-cultural conditions of the environment should be a prerequisite for making decisions on the directions of reclamation of post-mining areas. Omitting them causes external relations to be the weakest link in the post-mining landscape management system. Reclamation projects only refer to the space degraded by mining. In many cases, the reclamation process is not preceded by consultations, research on the preferences and expectations of landscape users, i.e. local communities. The former concerns changing the approach to post-mining landscape management at the level of mine management, future users and local communities. The specific structure of post-mining areas causes that they create systems characterized by utility values, both natural and cultural, which give the reconstructed areas new functions. Therefore, post-mining areas should be seen as an opportunity for the development of areas, where they occur and not as a threat [12]. This opportunity should be associated with the development of the resource and use potential of post-mining areas, in particular with the development of biotic productivity potential related to an increase in agricultural usability of soils and an increase of forestation [3], with the development of the water potential associated with an increase of water reservoirs or development of recreational potential resulting from multidirectional reclamation. It is also important to develop the potential of biotic regulation related to the enrichment of the post-mining landscape with new geosystems, which become biotopes for species rich in biocenoses and are therefore covered by various forms of legal protection (ecological lands, nature and landscape complexes). Post-mining areas and post-industrial facilities are also part of the national cultural heritage associated with the period of industrialization, which should be subject to promotion (educational paths, tourist trails). The second level of building relations between the management system of postmining areas and its surroundings should consist in taking into account ecological, economic and socio-cultural conditions in the process of reclamation and management of mining areas. Shaping of ecological connections should make it possible to maintain communication between post-mining geo-networks (external waste banks, internal waste banks, end pits) and geosystems constituting their surroundings. No less important is also strengthening of the ecological structure of the post-mining geological systems. For instance, through the introduction of woodlots and shrubs, balks within large-scale internal waste banks reclaimed in the agricultural direction or strengthening of the biological stabilization of watercourses, newly built canals or water reservoirs. Economic factors should take into account both the dynamics of the commune development, the structure of the local economy and the demand for new investment areas, as well as financial possibilities in the area of post-mining land management and their subsequent maintenance. [13]. The local community as a future user should be able to determine its preferences regarding the selection of the reclamation and development of post-mining areas. It is also important to take into account location factors -transport and infrastructure links, access to post-mining areas, distances from industrial, service or tourist-recreational areas (water reservoirs, cultural facilities).
Only such an approach to the process of reclamation and development, integrating social, economic, cultural and ecological conditions, gives an opportunity for a new quality of post-mining areas and extending the scope of conceptual reclamation to comprehensive activities referred to as revitalization.

PARTICIPATIVE MODEL OF MANAGEMENT OF POST-MNING AREAS VERSUS THE REALITY -AN EXAMPLE OF THE ADAMÓW BROWN COAL BASIN
The

Background
The period of intensive development of the region. In 1959, when the mine began its activity, Turek had about 9,000 inhabitants and currently, approx.

Liquidation of the Adamów mine and power plant
Social moods in the region. Social moods are a combination of subjective assessments and expectations regarding the quality of life in the region. Only to a certain extent, they correspond to objective indicators describing the socioeconomic reality, but despite subjective sources, the state of mood at a given moment exists as an objective phenomenon and includes the possibility of influencing the course of social and economic processes [15]. The analysis of social media and Internet users' opinions regarding the liquidation of the mine and the power plant indicate catastrophism, fear and anxiety and the sense of the end of the era among the inhabitants. The comments of the Internet users are dominated by the following statements: "After closing the mine and the power plant you will live in a hole called poverty and unemployment", "Turek, Turek and the end of Turek, in 2 years it will be a village with pensioners and senior citizens", "this is a tragedy for Turek and the region as there will be no mine for everyone, the remaining "companies" will start paying their employees as much as they want (minimum statutory). We must leave -for economic reasons." Spirals of fear and hopelessness were amplified by titles in the local media: -Echo Turku newspaper: "Twilight of Turek", "Miners' Day in the climate of the end of the era", "Only six years remained for Turek", "Quality of life "after the mine" will drastically deteriorate"; turek.net.pl portal: "The end of the power plant and the mine. What to spend the last coal money on?" , "In 2017, the light in the Adamów Power Plant in Turek will go out".
No prospects. Social moods, an increase in the number of unemployed people and the outdated qualifications associated with the liquidation of the mine and the power plant create a sense of lack of prospects. This is clearly reflected in the high negative migration balance observed in the population aged 25-34. The reasons for the leave were dominated by factors related to the situation on the local labour market ("lack of work and prospects on the spot, in the Turek district", "lack of work related to education/qualifications"). Over 6% of the inhabitants of the district also declared that they intended to move to another town within the next two years. The main destinations for the planned trips are: another country, the cities of Poznań and Łódź [5].
No dialogue. There was a lack of dialogue, lack of information flow, lack of consultations between the PAK KWB Adamów Management Board, the local administration as well as the inhabitants and mine employees:

CONCLUSION -LEGAL CONSTRAINTS OF THE POST-MINING LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT
The dissonance between the recommended, participative model of management of post-mining areas and practices of decision-makers, examples of which are described in this study, is possible due to imperfections of current legal and financial instruments that support such activities. For instance,  separation of statutory provisions and regulations governing the two processes of post-mining area development: reclamation and development. The concept of reclamation and management are not defined in the Geological and Mining Law, but in the law on agricultural and forest land. The provisions of this Act do not take into account the specific features of post-mining areas, in particular the fact that the reclamation process begins already in the coal plants exploitation phase (external and internal waste banks) -only the final excavations are reclaimed in the mine's liquidation phase.  lack of a clear definition of reclamation and development, which would separate the objective scope of these activities, leads to conflicts arising from a divergence of interests -the mine, which is responsible for reclamationseeks to minimize the cost of reclamation while the future user expects solutions which would maximize the benefits. (deposit management project) and the local spatial management plans exclude the realization of a coherent vision of local development using the potential of the post-mining areas  current tax law regulations are not conducive to care of the reclamation process, which would result in the creation of multifunctional, aesthetic postmining landscapes, because during the whole period of reclamation, a mining entrepreneur is charged with real estate tax at the rate calculated for land taken for business. The vision of long-term payment of high tax on non-profitable land while carrying out the prolonged "landscape" reclamation is a justified argument that this period, to the detriment of the quality and achievable effects, should be reduced to an absolute minimum. Thus, the tax system prefers maximally simplified reclamation as soon as possible.  lack of legal instruments to ensure public participation in decision-making regarding land reclamation  restrictions of the concept of reclamation and development to the boundaries of the mining area, without taking into account the criterion of restoring spatial connectivity of post-mining areas and their surroundings A well-functioning post-mining landscape management system is an opportunity to revitalize post-mining areas. Its optimization should therefore combine the element of promoting a new perception of post-mining areas, supported by the modification of imprecise legal regulations in the field of reclamation and management.